日本公眾外交政策之研究：以安倍政府之實踐為例 （2012-2020年）

Abstract

隨科技進步、民主化浪潮與全球化影響，公眾外交日益受到各國重視，然公眾外交發展迄今仍缺乏明確定義與一致的分析模型，難以進行成效檢核亦為其常面臨問題。本論文擬結合伊斯頓的系統論與奈伊的巧實力概念，並以日本安倍政府之實踐為例，透過雙系統架構觀察日本公眾外交之運行。 911事件後發展出「新公眾外交」之概念，除其接受客體必為外國公眾，在各面向上都更顯多元，然細究其內涵，對國家而言仍立基於傳統公眾外交之思考，僅對外呈現上更重視由外國公眾的角度出發：發動主體雖有更多元的行為者加入，但必有國家角色之存在；行為決策在其具輔助性、工具性的特質下不僅更多元創新，也更重視與實質政策的連結；政策目標縱依個案有不同設定，但最終目的必然為實現國家利益；最後依國內外環境變動，靈活修正政策並定期審視反饋，以有效管理國際環境。 日本安倍政府將公眾外交視為重要外交戰略，在制度面除資金、人力的挹注，於機構、政策上也有所調整與設置，推行全國一體對外的公眾外交；內容面除豐富多元的各項素材，更強化全球性價值，以提升日本國際地位；技術面善於運用文化特色包裝，並藉由數位、科技、媒體整合塑造國家品牌；實踐面透過人的實質接觸，加深外國公眾對日本與安倍政策的信任及認可；總體而言，安倍晉三運用其情境因應智慧，展現日本巧實力，以更積極主動、更全面且結合其政治理念與價值觀的方式，使日本公眾外交更具戰略性。Owing to the effects of the advancement of science and technology, the wave of democratization, and the influence of globalization, public diplomacy has garnered increasing attention from countries around the world. Nevertheless, its development still lacks a clear definition and a consistent analytical framework and evaluating its effectiveness remains a challenge. This thesis intends to integrate David Easton’s “System Theory” and Joseph Nye’s concept of “Smart Power”, using the practices of Japan’s Abe administration as an example, to observe the operation of Japan’s public diplomacy policy through a dual-system framework. The concept of “new public diplomacy” emerged after the 9/11 events. Apart from its target audience being foreign publics, its form has become more diverse in various aspects. However, upon closer examination of its connotations, remains rooted in traditional public diplomacy from a state-centric perspective, merely placing greater emphasis on presenting from the viewpoint of foreign publics: although a broader range of actors have joined as initiators, the role of the state is still present; behavioral decision-making is not only more diverse and innovative due to its auxiliary and instrumental characteristics, but also there is greater focus on alignment with substantive policy; policy objectives may vary depending on individual cases, but the ultimate goal is inevitably the realisation of national interests; finally, policies are flexibly adjusted and regularly reviewed in feedback to changes in domestic and international environments, in order to effectively manage the international environment. The Abe administration in Japan regarded public diplomacy as an important diplomatic strategy. In addition to the injection of funds and manpower, it has also made institutional and policy-level adjustments to promote a nationwide public diplomacy. In terms of content, beyond the richness and diversity of materials, it also strengthens global values to enhance Japan's international status. In terms of technology, it skillfully utilized leveraged cultural traits for branding and shaping a national brand through the integration of digital technology and media. In terms of practice, it deepened foreign publics’ trust and recognition of Japan and Abe’s policies through direct personal contact. Overall, Shinzo Abe demonstrated contextual intelligence in mobilizing Japan’s smart power, making country’s public diplomacy more strategic proactive, comprehensive, and aligned with his political ideals and values.