探討影響學生的海洋環境負責任行為之因素 - 知識、性別、態度、知覺行為控制與主觀規範

Abstract

過去的研究指出態度、知覺行為控制與主觀規範是影響行為的重要因素，但也有許多研究指出，知識可能也會影響行為。然而，知識是否會影響行為，在過去一直存在著正反兩面爭議。Ajzen認為與行為本身有關的知識才會影響行為，也推論可能僅有特定行為才能看出知識對行為的影響。因此本研究將行為區分為五種環境行動：生態管理、消費行為、說服行為、法律行動與政治行動，知識分為兩種，一種是海洋環境科學知識，另一種是海洋環境負責任行為知識，而後者也分為這五種環境行動的面向，欲探討是否與行為有關的知識才會影響行為，且想了解針對不同的行為，知識對於行為的相關性。再者，過去的研究指出，性別對於行為也會有顯著差異，但針對性別如何影響行為的研究較為稀少，而少部分研究認為，態度可能是性別與行為的中介變項，因此本研究欲探討性別對於知識與行為的差異，並進一步分析其中介關係。最後，本研究想探討知識、態度、知覺行為控制與主觀規範對於行為的整體影響程度。本研究利用問卷調查，分析了共151位國立臺灣師範大學學生的數據。結果發現：一、海洋環境科學知識與海洋環境負責任行為意圖並無顯著相關。 二、僅有說服行為的行為知識與說服行為的行為意圖有顯著相關，其餘如生態管理、消費行為、法律行動與政治行動的行為知識，與其對應的行為意圖沒有顯著相關。 三、在海洋環境科學知識中，男性顯著高於女性；在生態管理與消費行為的海洋環境負責任行為意圖方面，女性顯著優於男性；而說服行為、法律行動與政治行動在性別方面未看出顯著差異。 四、在生態管理與消費行為中，態度是性別與行為意圖之間的完全中介變項。 五、在生態管理與說服行為方面，主觀規範對於行為意圖有顯著影響；而消費行為、法律行動與政治行動方面，主觀規範則與行為意圖無顯著影響。 我們發現僅與環境事實有關的知識，確實與海洋環境負責任行為意圖無顯著相關。然而，在與行為本身有關的知識方面，僅有說服行為的行為知識與海洋環境負責任行為意圖有達到顯著相關，而我們認為，這可能跟「犧牲知覺」有關，我們推測說服行為是犧牲程度最小的。性別在知識與行為方面達到顯著差異，但女性在生態管理與消費行為的行為意圖則顯著高於男性，因此我們可以針對男性給予更多的關懷與教育，以期望促進學生形成更積極的海洋環境負責任行為。Past research has indicated that attitude, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms are significant factors influencing behavior. However, many studies have also pointed out that knowledge might impact behavior. Yet, there has been ongoing debate about whether knowledge affects behavior. Ajzen suggests that knowledge related to the behavior itself is what influences behavior and hypothesizes that only specific behaviors might reveal the impact of knowledge on behavior. Therefore, this study distinguishes behaviors into five types of environmental actions: ecomanagement, consumerism, persuasion, legal action, and political action. Knowledge is categorized into two types: marine scientific knowledge and marine responsible behavior knowledge. This study aims to explore whether knowledge related to the behavior itself affects behavior and to understand the relevance of knowledge to behavior across different types of actions. Additionally, past research has pointed out significant gender differences in behavior, but studies on how gender affects behavior are relatively sparse. Few studies suggest that attitude might mediate the relationship between gender and behavior. Thus, this study seeks to investigate gender differences in knowledge and behavior and further analyze the mediating relationships. Finally, the study examines the overall impact of knowledge, attitude, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms on behavior. Using a survey, data from 151 students at National Taiwan Normal University were analyzed. The results found:1. There was no significant correlation between marine scientific knowledge and the marine responsible behavior.2. Only the behavior knowledge related to persuasion behavior was significantly correlated with the intention to engage in persuasion behavior, while the behavior knowledge for ecomanagement, consumerism, legal action, and political action did not show significant correlation with their respective behaviors.3. In marine scientific knowledge, males scored significantly higher than females; in terms of marine environment responsible behaviors for ecomanagement and consumerism, females scored significantly higher than males; however, there were no significant gender differences in persuasion, legal action, and political action.4. In ecomanagement and consumerism, attitude fully mediated the relationship between gender and behavior intention.5. For ecomanagement and persuasion, subjective norms had a significant impact on behavior; however, for consumerism, legal action, and political action, subjective norms did not have a significant impact on behavior.We found that knowledge specifically related to environmental facts does not significantly correlate with marine responsible behavior. However, among knowledge related to the behavior itself, only persuasion knowledge significantly correlated withmarine responsible behavior. We suggest this may be related to"perceived sacrifice," as persuasion behavior involves the least sacrifice. Gender differences in knowledge and behavior were significant, with females showing higher intentions for ecomanagement and consumerism than males. Therefore, we recommend providing more care and education to males to promote more proactive marine responsible behaviors among students.