臺語中遠指詞he的言談功能

Abstract

本研究旨在探討臺語中遠指詞「彼」的言談功能與語法化現象。本研究根 據 Himmelmann (1996)及 Diessel (1999) 兩位學者提出的指示詞分類方法，分析 臺語自然言談語料。根據兩位學者，遠指詞在篇章中的功能可分為四類，情境功 能(the situational use)、語篇功能(the discourse deictic use) 、示蹤功能 (the anaphoric use)、以及認同功能(the recognitional use)。情境用所指的對象在於言談 現場，或者在談話所描述的事件情境中。語篇功能指出上文或下文所陳述的事件。 示蹤功能放置於名詞前，指出前文中已出現的一位對像或物品。認同功能則是指 出一位辨識性較高的談論對像，此對象已存在前文語境中，或者是存在於雙方所 共有的認知中。語料中，遠指詞在情境功能的佔少數，這顯示遠指詞的使用未必 都是情境指稱的需求。然而，遠指詞的使用，大部分是基於言談篇章上、或是情 態方面的考量。「彼」在篇章中扮演強調的功能，吸引聽者對於指涉對像的注意， 或者表達說話者的態度，或客觀轉述態度的情意功能。

This study is to examine the discourse functions of the distal demonstrative he in Taiwanese Southern Min from a pragmatic perspective. The analysis of this study is based on 3.4 hour natural spoken data, including daily conversation, radio interview, and telephone calls. In this study, the uses of the distal demonstrative fall into four categories, namely the situational use, the discourse deictic use, the anaphoric use, and the recognitional use. The situational use signifies the use of demonstratives to identify an entity from others in the surrounding situation and establish the referring entity into the universe of discourse. The discourse deictic demonstrative marks reference to the preceding, current, or the following segments in discourse. Discourse deictic demonstratives focus on the propositional contents instead of forms. The anaphoric demonstrative refers to a noun phrase, mainly to a major participant in the preceding discourse. In the recognitional use, the demonstrative refers to a referent that is assumed by the speaker to be identifiable based on specific shared knowledge between the speaker and the hearer exclusively. Concerning the four discourse functions, it shows that the use of the distal demonstrative does not necessarily encode deictic information, as in the discourse deictic use and the anaphoric use. The distal demonstrative does not refer to any entity in the physical world but points out a referent in discourse. In addition, the distal demonstrative in the recognitional use may not encode the spatial contrast. The use of the distal demonstrative refers to a referent which is assumed by the speaker to be identifiable to the hearer. Moreover, the speaker employs the recognitional demonstrative to point out the focal status of the referent or to express s/he attitudes. Therefore, the distal demonstrative is developed from its basic use as a space deixis to refer to referent in discourse, to mark a focal status, or even to express attitudes. In this way, the distal demonstrative is said to be under the path of grammaticalization.