從文化交流看土耳其華文教育的發展

Abstract

本論文是研究土耳其東西文化交流下的華語文發展的過程。首先探討土耳其歷史中的幾個具有代表性的時期，來觀察外國語(包括華文)在土耳其發展的軌跡。從1299年建國的鄂圖曼帝國前期(Tanzimat Öncesi)，長達600年的外語教學以宗教融合為一體，晚期(Tanzimat Sonrası) 面臨來自西方的威脅而更重視學習外語，1864年政府開始嘗試將英文、法文、阿拉伯文作為外語學習。1928年國父凱末爾的轉型革命推動了國家語言改革。1935年開始，他為了要研究土耳其的歷史，推動成立土耳其首次的漢學系(華語)，這是土耳其華文教育發展的啟蒙期。1971年起土耳其因著古絲綢之路的影響，與中國經濟快速起飛經貿關係的發展，帶動國內大規模朝向遠東華人市場開發的高度意向。為了兩國經濟與科技方面的繁榮2015年11月土耳其響應中國一帶一路的倡議主張，隨著土耳其與華人經貿外交關係的迅速發展，學習和研究中文的土耳其人人數也日益增加，這是土耳其華文教育發展的成長期。近幾年以來，土耳其積極地往全球現代商業化的國家定位前進，2015年土耳其航空（Türk Hava Yolları）和台灣長榮航空公司合作開啟臺北與伊斯坦堡之間來往的直航班機，此舉使得台灣對土耳其投資量能方面比起過去之七年增加了10倍，並且台灣人赴土耳其旅遊的人數也與同時期比較成長了四倍多。展望未來，台灣與土耳其之間對於經貿合作、科技、人道救助、文化交流、推廣觀光、教育、醫療以及司法互助以及犯罪掃蕩等領域有更深入的交流，從而發展全方位互信互利的合作關係。土耳其地理位居三大洲之間，融合了東西方的文化，二十一世紀開始，華文在土耳其蓬勃發展，這是土耳其華文教育發展的全面起飛期。分析國內的華文教育發展，那將是引領土耳其從文明古國跨足至文明大國的門檻。

This thesis is a research on the development processes of Chinese Language Education in Turkey under the Cultural Exchange between East and West. Firstly, the study discusses several representative periods in Turkish history to observe the development of foreign languages (including Chinese) in Turkey. From the early days of the Ottoman Empire (Tanzimat Öncesi), which was founded in 1299, foreign language teaching has been integrated with religion for 600 years. Later (Tanzimat Sonrası) faced threats from the West and paid more attention to learning foreign languages. In 1864, the government began to try to make English, French, and Arabic as foreign languages. In 1928, the founding father Kemal promoted the national language reform. In 1935, in order to study the history of Turkey,he promoted the establishment of Turkey's first Sinology Department (Chinese), which was the enlightenment period for the development of Chinese education in Turkey. Since 1971, due to the influence of the ancient Silk Road and the rapid development of economic and trade relations between Turkey and China have led to a high degree of domestic development toward the Far East Chinese market. In November 2015, Turkey and China signed the Belt and Road Initiative. the number of studying Chinese in Turkey is highly increasing. This is the growth period of the development of Chinese education in Turkey.In recent years, Turkey has been actively advancing towards the global modern commercialization of the country. In 2015, Turkish Airlines (Turkish Airlines) operated direct flights between Taipei and Istanbul, which promoted the increase of Taiwan’s direct investment in Turkey in the past seven years. The number of tourists from Taiwan to Turkey has increased fourfold over the same period. Looking forward to the future, the two sides will deepen exchanges and develop comprehensive strategic cooperation in the fields of economy and trade, science and technology,humanitarian assistance,culture, tourism, education, medical care, mutual legal assistance and crime fighting. Turkey is one of the three continents fusing Eastern and Western cultures. Starting from the 21st century, Chinese has flourished in Turkey. This is the full-scale take-off period for the development of Chinese education in Turkey.The development of Chinese education will lead Turkey from an ancient civilization to a large civilization in the coming years.