後現代取向諮商師之專業認同歷程探究

Abstract

本研究的研究目的包括：（1）探究後現代取向諮商師專業認同的個人獨特故事。（2）探究後現代取向諮商師專業認同的個人獨特歷程。（3）探究後現代取向諮商師專業認同歷程的共同內涵。（4）探究後現代取向諮商師專業認同歷程的共同性。（5）探究後現代取向諮商師專業認同歷程的共同影響因素。 基於上述研究目的，本研究以立意抽樣的方式邀請五位後現代取向的諮商師接受半結構式的深度訪談，並以開放性編碼的方式對訪談資料進行歸納與分析。受訪諮商師為2男3女，年齡均在40歲以上。除了某一位的執業年資為7年，其餘的執業年資均在10年以上，且五位受訪諮商師邁入後現代取向的專業認同歷程時長亦均在10年以上。 研究結果分為五大面向： 第一，受訪諮商師的後現代專業認同之獨特故事，並以時間序的方式呈現。 第二，受訪諮商師的後現代專業認同之獨特歷程，並呈現出各個歷程階段當中的核心發展任務、主要情緒、角色與工作風格以及諮商效能感。 第三，受訪諮商師的後現代專業認同之共同內涵，即：（1）後現代取向之內涵分析，包括助人理念、諮商關係、諮商目標、諮商技術、改變機制以及獨特魅力。（2）後現代取向諮商師專業認同之內涵分析，包括認知層面、情緒層面以及行為層面。 第四，受訪諮商師的後現代專業認同歷程之共同性，即：（1）序曲：受訪諮商師皆以現代主義諮商訓練作為起點。（2）三大核心發展任務：解構現代主義，建構後現代；推廣後現代，練習將後現代闡述得更清晰；整合文化、自我與後現代。（3）主要情緒：正向情緒包括愉悅感、興奮、感動、滿足與平靜；負向情緒則包括煩躁、擔心與挫折感。（4）角色與工作風格：從零星地使用後現代，到系統地運用後現代；從技術技巧上的後現代，到內在思維上的後現代；從依循書本與老師的做法，到彈性靈活地運用，乃至於發展出個人風格。（5）諮商效能感：整體呈現上升趨勢，評估效能感的指標，包括開展對話的能力；建立與維持諮商關係的能力；以及外界各方面的回饋。（6）歷程命名：一個越來越貼近自我的歷程。 第五，受訪諮商師的後現代專業認同歷程之共同影響因素，即：（1）個人內部因素：後現代的助人理念乃與受訪諮商師的內在信念高度貼合。（2）環境結構因素：包括來自於後現代督導、師長、同儕社群的支持，以及外部環境對於後現代的接納度。（3）個人經驗因素：受壓迫的經驗或是罹患重病的經驗，推動受訪諮商師走進後現代的內在，解構又建構，並保持開放的可能。（4）專業經驗因素：與案主的互動經驗，以及推廣後現代的經驗，亦鞏固了受訪諮商師的後現代專業認同。 本研究的討論則分為兩大面向： 第一，核心發展任務之走向整合。即：（1）整合自我與後現代，意味著受訪諮商師在專業角色與個人特質之間融合為一，這呼應到後現代取向諮商師專業認同之認知層面重要內涵。（2）整合文化與後現代，常發生於後現代專業認同歷程中後期，既與衝突挫折經驗有關，又與推廣後現代的核心發展任務緊密關聯。 第二，後現代取向諮商師專業認同歷程之挑戰與超越。即：（1）專業認同之歷程挑戰具有其必要性及重要性。認同的完成，須當兼具「探索度」及「承諾度」；超越專業認同之挑戰，亦將獲得進一步的專業認同感。（2）在專業認同的歷程當中，後現代取向諮商師必然會經歷外界的種種質疑，質疑有其脈絡可循，亦有三種超越之道。（3）解構現代主義與建構後現代，既是核心發展任務，也是歷程挑戰。解構之挑戰，在於現代主義與後現代之間的拉扯與平衡；建構之挑戰，則在於真正的理解後現代的內涵，並運用後現代來勝任其專業角色。超越此項挑戰，亦有向外與向內兩大途徑。 最後，研究者也根據研究結果與討論，提出本研究之限制，並面向新手諮商師之教育訓練、後現代取向諮商師之專業發展，以及未來之研究方向提出相關建議。The purposes of this research were as follows: (1) To explore the unique personal stories of the professional identity of postmodern therapists; (2) to explore the unique personal process of the professional identity of postmodern therapists; (3) to explore the common connotation of the professional identity process of postmodern therapists; (4) to explore the commonality of the professional identity process of postmodern therapists; and (5) to explore the common influencing factors of the professional identity process of postmodern therapists. On the basis of above purposes, 5 postmodern therapists were invited for semi-structured in-depth interview through purposive sampling. Then by means of an open coding, the interview materials were summarized and analyzed. Among 5 postmodern therapists, 2 of them were males and 3 were females, all aged over 40 years old. 1 of them had engaged in work for 7 years after obtaining the certification, while the remaining for more than 10 years. In addition, all of them had engaged in the professional identity of postmodern approaches for over 10 years. The research results could be divided into five major aspects: Firstly, unique stories of the postmodern professional identity of interviewed therapists, which were presented in a chronological manner. Secondly, unique process of the postmodern professional identity of interviewed therapists, in which the core development tasks, main emotions, roles and working styles and the sense of consulting effectiveness in each stage were presented. Thirdly, common connotation of the postmodern professional identity of interviewed therapists, namely: (1) Connotation analysis of the postmodern approaches, including helping concepts, consulting relations, consulting goals, consulting technologies, change mechanism and unique charm; and (2) connotation analysis of the professional identity of postmodern therapists, including cognitive level, emotional level and behavioral level. Fourthly, commonality of the postmodern professional identity process of interviewed therapists, namely: (1) Prelude: the interviewed therapists all started with modern consulting training; (2) three core development tasks: to deconstruct modernism and construct postmodernism; to promote postmodernism and make postmodern concept and practice clearer through practice; to integrate culture, self and postmodernism; (3) main emotions: positive emotions, including pleasure, excitement, moving, satisfaction and calm; negative emotions, including irritability, worry and frustration; (4) roles and working style: from sporadic application of postmodernism to systematic application of postmodernism; from postmodernism of technical skills to postmodernism of internal thinking; from following content on books and teachers’ practices to flexibility application and even a personal style; (5) consulting effectiveness: an overall rising trend, and the indicators of effectiveness assessment, including the ability to carry out dialogue; the ability to establish and maintain consulting relations; and feedback from various external parties; and (6) process naming: a process that was getting closer to oneself. Fifthly, common influencing factors of the postmodern professional identity process of interviewed therapists, namely: (1) Internal factors: the postmodern helping concept was highly compatible with the internal beliefs of the interviewed therapists; (2) environmental structural factors: including support from postmodern supervisors, teachers, and peer communities, as well as the acceptance of external environment to postmodernism; (3) personal experience factors: oppression experience or illness experience, which promoted the interviewed therapists to enter the postmodern interior, deconstruct and construct, as well as maintain the possibility of openness; and (4) professional experience factors: interaction experience with the client and experience of promoting postmodernism, which consolidated the postmodern professional identity of the interviewed therapists. The discussion of this study could also be divided into two main aspects: Firstly, core development tasks: trend integration, namely: (1) The integration of self and postmodern approaches, and it meant the integration of professional roles and personal characteristics among interviewed therapists, which echoed the cognitive-level connotation of the professional identity of postmodern therapists; and (2) the integration of culture and postmodern approaches; it often occurred in the middle and late stages of the postmodern professional identity process, which was not only related to conflict and frustration experience, but also to the promotion of postmodern core development tasks. Secondly, challenges and transcendence of the professional identity process of postmodern therapists, namely: (1) The challenge of professional identity was characterized by necessity and importance, and the completion of identity should be based on “exploration” and “commitment”, as well as the transcendence of professional identity might lead to a further sense of professional identity; and (2) in the process of professional identity, and it was inevitably for postmodern therapists to encounter all kinds of external doubts; and although doubts had their resources, there were also three ways for transcendence; and (3) modernism deconstruction and postmodernism construction both represented core development tasks and process challenges; the challenge of deconstruction lay in the balance between modernism and postmodernism; the challenge of construction lay in the truly understanding of the connotation of postmodernism and the application of postmodernism to professional roles playing; in terms of transcending the challenge, one could find two major ways, namely outward and inward. Finally, the researcher proposed the research limitations based on the results and discussions. In addition, the researcher also put forward relevant suggestions for the education and training of novice therapists, the professional development of postmodern therapists, and future research directions. Keywords: postmodern approaches, professional identity, therapists