美國發動伊拉克戰爭的起因與影響之研究

Abstract

美國發動伊拉克戰爭不僅影響美國國內的政治與經濟，也對整個中東，甚至全世界都帶來了廣泛和深遠的影響。 本論文主要透過尼任（Nitzan, Jonathan)與畢克勒(Bichler, Shimshon)所提出的理論：「差額資本累積理論」（Differential Accumulation)、資本權力論(Capital as Power)，探討美伊戰爭背後隱藏的跨國石油公司、軍工複合體之資本權力累積與國家權力機關發動戰爭的問題。 本研究發現﹕美國發動伊拉克戰爭為的是高油價而非廉價石油。武器－石油集團公司並不是美國發動伊拉克戰爭的「搭便車者」(free riders)。事實上，它們差額利潤的負成長根本就是推動國家發動戰爭的助燃劑。在政治影響方面，小布希總統在開戰隔年連任，獲得了發動伊拉克戰爭的「短期利益」，但長期來看，不僅使小布希的支持率下滑，並且對共和黨選情產生負面影響，最後則使民主黨的歐巴馬突破種族歧視隔離的歷史結構，順利當選了美國第四十四屆總統。 伊戰對美國經濟的影響，筆者歸納為三個部分，首先是美國財政損失超過白宮預期；第二，伊拉克戰爭無助於美國經濟發展；第三，對伊投資過大拖累美國經濟。最後，對中東的影響方面，伊拉克戰後重建漫長又艱辛，伊朗受益最大，以巴仍難和解。 Not only did the 2003 US-Iraq War has impact on the US politics and economy, but also did huge and profound effect on the the Middle East as well as the whole world. This thesis probes into the hidden reasons of 2003 U.S.-Iraq War which involves the capital and power of the Weapondollar-Petrodollar Coalition and the US. The author applies Nitzan, Jonathan and Bichler, Shimshon's theory of Differential Accumulation and Capital as Power. The author concludes that the aim of U.S. invading Iraq is to acquire expensive oil. The Weapondollar-Petrodollar Coalition are not free riders of 2003 U.S.-Iraq War, but they are the catalyst to impetus the US to invade Iraq. Though George W. Bush was reelected for the 2nd round, it was his “short-term benefit” of 2003 U.S.-Iraq War. However, in the long run, not only his approval rating went down, but also damaged the election campaign of Rep. Party. Moreover, this pushed forward Senator Obama broke through the history to be elected as the 44th President of the US. The author also concludes that the followings: U.S. economy was encumbered with the War, and it benefits Iran, as well as Iraq has a long way to reconstruct its country.