台灣歌仔冊《正派三國歌》之語言研究

Abstract

《正派三國歌》有五回十冊，近三萬字，且兼具「序言」、「回目」與「注音」，此為一般歌仔冊所無之體例，此其所以能引人趣味，進而研究之原因。 本文之重心，放在注音之分析、方言之斷定與字詞之探討各方面；注音部份，有漢字、假名、漢字+假名、漢字+聲調(韻四聲法)、傳統切音等五種方式，還包含一些釋義與注解；其注音系統，頗不固定，或略聲(如送氣不分與清濁不分)、或略韻(如忽略介音或喉塞音韻尾)、或略調，一音之間常有數種注法，如ソワ可同時代表[sua]、[tsua?]與[tshua?]三音，雖然還是有一定系統性，但亦常有規則紊亂之現象。 方言方面，以杜建坊《歌仔冊起鼓》之方言定位法為基礎，分撥離析，並與現代之方言調查做比對，由本文居韻讀i音、科韻讀e音與無鼻化韻之三大特色，確認《正派三國歌》為晉江腔，混到其他腔調之現象，如漳腔與同安腔等，僅在十例左右，較之鹿港混入漳腔部份，比例低多了。 字詞方面，一方面以「同類分用字」觀念與以分析；另一方面，對各種字詞之解釋、用法與特色，皆一項項加以討論；而本文以「正字」(或稱本字)，作為書寫之基礎，與會文堂以來，漢字標音之作法不同，可說是一種嘗試改革。 《正派三國歌》不僅文本特殊；其注音、方言與字詞之各種「例外」問題，也頗具趣味；而作者各種嘗試與失敗，更可資借鑑與使用；《正派三國歌》之所以值得討論，正是因為其集合了「特殊」、「可滿足研究興趣」，以及「有參考利用價值」於一身！“The Legitimate Songbooks of Three Kingdoms.”contains five chapters and ten volume, it can reach almost thirty thousand words. This articles has‘preface’, ‘chapters’ and ‘ Phonetic alphabet’within it, that is differ significantly from ordinary songbooks. This is the reason that, why people been attracted, and further research it, too. The research mainly focused on three points: Phonetic alphabet analysis, define dialect system and some glossary discussion. And even contains a bit of annotation as well. The Phonetic alphabet is very confused and out of fixed. A simple Phoneme always be separated to two Phonetic alphabet. About the dialect using in the songbooks, we use the method of define dialect that be finished by Mr. Kian Hong, To is very completely. This article’s dialect is Tsin Kang dialect. Of course, this article contains some other sub-dialects different from Tsin Kang dialect, too; but it’s just merely a small portion. The using of the words is such various, so we get the new concept and method to deal with it. Except the discussion of glossary, we know the author trend to using of Legitimate Sinic words in his written. Maybe it is a reform of Sinic words. “The Legitimate Songbooks of Three Kingdoms.” is so valuable and interesting. Concerning the problem of study, it is required a possible theory, that can explain the texts, and offering the whole profiling figures.