以ETC交通資料探討臺灣都會通勤圈住業失衡現象

Abstract

都會通勤是近代都市發展的一項重要議題。當都市逐漸向外圍擴張，除了造成土地利用型態產生變化，也影響都市居民的通勤狀況，民眾需要花費更多通勤成本往返住所與工作地點。住業均衡（Jobs-Housing Balance）理論認為在理想狀態下，就業人口的工作地點與居住地點位於相同區域，以節省通勤時間、距離，減少汽、機車的使用時間，進而降低能源消耗，以及空氣汙染的排放量。既有文獻多使用政府各類年度交通與人口統計資料，應用於Jobs - Housing 比例，衡量住業均衡現象，一地所提供之就業機會數與居住數是否達到平衡。同時搭配超額通勤指數，量化往返住所與工作地點所耗費之額外通勤成本，並進一步推估都會區潛在的最小及最大通勤成本。過往受限於資料時空解析度不佳，在即時交通資料的大數據分析，或都會通勤區之空間視覺化，皆缺乏深入探討。臺灣都市區域發展過程中，高速公路建設擔任重要的角色，聯繫著都市、市鎮、郊區、鄉村，增加城鄉與區域間的可及性，帶動高速公路沿線城市與交流道周邊區域之人口以及工商業快速發展。交通部高速公路局將具有不同車輛類型的車行紀錄，去標籤化後，發布自2015年起，不同的電子道路系統（Electronic Toll Collection，簡稱ETC）資料集，而本研究選用的資料集為「各類車種旅次數量（M08A）」。試圖以時空解析度較佳的巨量資料，進行空間視覺化，並區分臺灣不同的通勤圈，以探討各通勤圈內住業分布與通勤現象。本研究結果將臺灣高速公路跨市鎮通勤，分為五大通勤圈：北北桃通勤圈、新竹通勤圈、中部通勤圈、臺南通勤圈、高雄通勤圈。透過超額通勤指標分析五大通勤圈通勤狀況，大部分之通勤距離為逐年增加的趨勢，而北北桃通勤圈、新竹通勤圈、臺南通勤圈、高雄通勤圈的通勤較為穩定，而中部通勤圈的通勤則逐年趨近飽和。藉由不同視覺化方式，探討住業分布與通勤圈觀測範圍、住業均衡範圍以及潛力通勤範圍，助於瞭解通勤圈主要通勤範圍，其住業的空間分布，並推估潛力發展範圍，期望可作為將來都市規劃的參考依據。Urban commuting is one of the most important issues in the development of modern cities. As the cities gradually expand to the suburbs, not only does the land use pattern change, but it also affects the commuting of urban residents, who have to spend more costs on commuting between their homes and workplaces.Jobs-Housing Balance theory indicates that the ideal situation would be the supply of jobs and housing in the same region, which will reduce commuting time and distance, the use of automobiles and motorcycles, the energy consumption and air pollution emissions. Scholars before used a variety of annual government transportation and Census data to measure the Jobs-Housing ratio, which measured the balance between the number of employment opportunities and the number of residences in a region. Also, they quantified the additional cost of commuting between home and work via Excess Commuting, and estimated the potential minimum and maximum commuting costs in metropolitan areas. In the past, due to the poor spatial and temporal resolution of the data, there was a lack of analyzing real-time traffic data and spatial visualization of urban commuting areas.In the development of Taiwan’s urban areas, highway construction plays an important role. It links cities, towns, and suburbs, increasing accessibility between urban and rural areas, driving the rapid development of population and industry in the cities along the highway and the areas surrounding the interchanges. The Freeway Bureau, Ministry of Transportation and Communications (MOTC) released the Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) dataset on the highway in Taiwan. The dataset records different types of vehicles. The dataset selected for this study is the “number of trips by vehicle type (M08A)”. This study attempts to spatially visualize the big data with better spatial-temporal resolution, and to distinguish different commuting areas in Taiwan. The goal is to explore the distribution of jobs and housing, and commuting phenomena within each commuting area.The results of this study divides the cross-town commuting of Taiwan’s highways into five major commuting areas: Pei-Pei-Tao commuting area, Hsinchu commuting area, the middle commuting area, Tainan commuting area, and Kaohsiung commuting area. Analyzing the commuting of the five commuting areas through the Excess Commuting Index, most of the commuting distances are increasing year by year. While the commuting of the Pei-Pei-Tao commuting area, Hsinchu commuting area, Tainan commuting area, and Kaohsiung commuting area are more stable, excepting the middle commuting area which is getting saturated year by year. Through different visualization methods, this study explores the distribution of jobs and housing, commuting areas, and the jobs-housing balance area, and the potential commuting areas. This study is helpful of understanding the main commuting scopes of commuting areas, the spatial distribution of jobs and housing, and the potential development areas. The results of this study could be a reference for the future urban planning.