退役菁英運動員職涯軌跡與發展之研究

Abstract

運動員生涯發展與轉換是學者長期關注的理論和實務問題，運動員生活有其特殊性，必須長期投入於高強度運動訓練和競賽中，因此退役後的職涯轉換、與生涯適應都與運動員一生之生涯進程密不可分。本研究之目的以生涯建構理論為基礎，探究台灣退役菁英運動員的生涯主題、生涯適應與職業幸福感的現況，進一步了解退役菁英運動員生涯軌跡與發展的核心與其建構之生涯適應模式。本研究為混合研究，研究一採量化研究，對象為代表我國參加過亞運或奧運之退役運動員，透過滾雪球的方式進行問卷調查，研究工具包括退役菁英運動員背景資料問卷，以及生涯適應、知覺就業力及職業幸福感量表，以描述性統計、內部一致性信度分析、皮爾森積差相關與多元階層迴歸分析進行資料處理與分析。研究二為質性分析，對象為五位退役菁英運動員，以半結構方式進行深度訪談，並經開放式及生涯適應質性描述編碼進行主題歸納與演繹。結果發現(1)退役菁英運動員大多具有高學歷並從事教練教職。(2)退役菁英運動員之生涯適應、知覺就業力與職業幸福感呈顯著正相關；且生涯適應、知覺就業力對職業幸福感具顯著解釋力。(3) 退役菁英運動員人生主題為 S.H.I.R.T「修得」，即「滿意的生活」、「全人方式成長」、「我的人生我決定」、「生涯進行式」及「感恩的心」，五大主題。(4)退役菁英運動員建構之生涯適應模型展現其生涯適態度、信念、能力及其所面對之環境，不斷相互遞迴建構而成。建議運動員在其養成階段即開始多元學習與發展，加強生涯適應之能力，特別在「生涯關注」構念上，可依需求進行針對性之輔導與介入，以期使運動員在面臨退役及生涯轉換時，具備應對挑戰的能力，進而擁有幸福感。

To understand elite retired athletes' career trajectories has been theoretical and practical concern for scholars. Based on the career construction theory, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among career adaptability, perceived employability and employ well-being (EWB) , as well as the life theme and the constructed career adaptation model among retired elite athletes. Mixed method was adapted. Firstly, an online questionnaire was distributed by snowball sampling, then semi-structured in-depth interviewswere conducted to 5 retired elite athletes who had participated in Asian Games or Olympic Games. The quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, internal consistency reliability analysis, Pearson correlation, and hierarchical linear regression analysis; Open coding and QDCA coding were applied to the interviewed scripts. The results found that (1)Retired elite athletes generally have a higher education and are mostly working in public education sector, and have had few career changes; (2) there were significant positive correlation between career adaptability, perceived employability and employ well-being, also the career adaptability and employability have significant explanatory power on EWB; (3) Retired elite athletes’ life theme were S.H.I.R.T which referred to “Satisfied life”, “Holistic development”, “I decide”, “Rolling career” and “Thankful heart”; (4)The constructed career adaptation model of retired elite athletes showed their career“Attitude”, ”Belief” and “competence”alone with the environment they are faced with, and is recursively constructed. It is suggested that athletes grow as a whole person, and the counseling or intervention can be targeted to“Career Concern” and carried out according to the athletes' needs.