法蘭西斯．福山(Francis Fukuyama)政治思想：從歷史終結到政治秩序論之分析

Abstract

1989年法蘭西斯・福山以歷史終結的論述引發關注，在歷史終結論中，福山認為自由民主意識形態將會主導未來世界的意識形態，但就現實面而言，當前的自由民主並未如預期的減少社會內部矛盾，以二十一世紀初的國際況來看，歐美國家民粹主義與極端政黨興起，阿拉伯國家至今仍舊尚未出現民主，而東亞地區的中國與新加坡的良善治理反而引起各界關注，這也不禁讓人們對歷史終結的論述產生疑問。對於這些現象，法蘭西斯・福山在二十一世紀初從國家治理層面進行探討，並從政治秩序觀點解析歐美的政治衰敗現象。此時法蘭西斯・福山對於自由民主的態度，相較於過去的樂觀而言，而言有轉趨保守之趨勢。 本研究旨在探究法蘭西斯・福山自1989年以來的政治思想，除先分析其學思歷程外，將其思想主軸歸納為三：即「自由民主：人類歷史終結之始」、「國家建構：強化治理能力之道」與「政治秩序：自由民主發展之常」。期望藉此能掌握法蘭西斯・福山政治論述的核心內涵，進而理解當代健全民主與國家治理之道。In 1989, Francis Fukuyama is arousearoused the concern cause on “the end of history” in 1989,. on In the description of the end of history, Fukuyama think that in the future liberal democracy will dominate world ideology in the future. In factHowever, the current liberal democracy hasn’t has not reduced contradictions within of intrinsic societiesy, as he predicted. to view the international situation atIn the beginning ofearly 21st century, for example, the rise of Populism populist and Extremist extremist party parties in Europe and the United States, and democracy isn’t come out difficult to develop in Arabian Countrycountries; , Instead of the Instead, authoritarianism’ good governance of China and Singapore in the East Asia region draws world's attention, and. these These situation examples let people rethink that whether the end of history is end correct or not. For To explain these phenomena, in 21st century Francis Fukuyama starting started from state governance side to discussed, and analyzed the phenomenon of political decay in Europe and the United States by fromin the perspective of political order. At In this time, Francis Generally speaking, Fukuyama's attitude toward liberal democracy has a tendency to become conservative compared to the past optimismwas become more conservative than before. The purpose of this study is to explore the political thoughts of Fukuyama since 1989. In addition to analyzing the course of his thoughts, his main axis of thought is divided into three: "Liberal Democracy: The Beginning of the End of Human History", "National Building: The Road to Strengthen Governance”, and "Political Order: The Normality of Liberal Democracy." It is hoped that we can grasp the core connotation of Francis Fukuyama's political discourse and understand the way of modern sound democracy and state governance.