宋代書院教育發展之研究

Abstract

本研究旨在探究北宋書院教育的發展過程。過去研究認為南宋書院教育與道德性的教學理想有關。研究者的問題意識為：書院教育是否純然與道德相關？本研究發現：北宋初年，官學教育未能即時因應教育的需求，書院成為補充官學的一種方式。又因朝廷崇尚文人政治，書院的發展與科舉間的關連密切。從應天府書院的為學目的、慶曆新政推行地方官學，乃至宋初三先生的講學，書院講學是為了求理想的政治格局。自北宋起，道學發展便與書院教育同時發展。南宋時期，書院教育呈現不同面貌，「學以為己」或「學以求仕」皆有之。此外，本研究亦探究影響宋代書院發展的相關因素，如道學、古文運動、佛老、士人書院學習生活與環境，以及科舉應試等面向，討論出與書院教育的關係。

The aim of this study is to explore the development of the Academies in the Sung dynasty. Previous researches have suggested that the academy education in the Southern Sung was related to the teaching ideal of morality. The main question of this study is: Was the nature of academy education purely related to morality? In the early years of the Northern Sung Dynasty, the government school system failed to respond to people’s educational needs, therefore academies became a supplemental institutions to it. The official attaches importance to the intellectuals, and the academies and the imperial examination were closely related. From the objective of Yingtianfu Academy, the Qingli Reform to improve the government school system, and even lectures by three masters in the early Sung Dynasty, the academies were aimed at the ideal political situation. Since the Northern Sung, Neo-Confucianism and Academies have developed at the same time. In the Southern Sung, the aims of academy education had performed different patterns, including: "Learning for yourself", or "Learning for being an official". In addition, this study also explores the factors that influence the development of the Academy in the Sung Dynasty, such as the Neo-Confucianism, the Classics movement, Buddhism and Taoism, the scholars’ life in academies, and imperial examinations, and discusses their relationship with the Academy education.