美國政治獻金管理制度之研究

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2012

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在民主法治的國度裡,選舉是一種非常普遍的民主機制,而選舉過程中選民除了以選票來表達自己的偏好之外,經常也會以加入競選行列,或者是主動投入資源的方式來表達自己的政治偏好,後者即為政治獻金行為。政治獻金行為逐漸受到承認與尊重,並且成為民主政治中的重要參與管道。然而,政治獻金大量介入競選過程,是否會扭曲政治公平和正義?這難免會令人擔憂。 無可諱言,各種競選活動需要大量的金錢挹注,這是一種「必要之惡」,正如同亞歷山大(Herbert E. Alexander)所比喻的「金錢對於政治,猶如母奶對於嬰兒般的重要」。因此,放眼國內外,近年來的選舉往往呈現出選舉經費多寡與勝出機會有相關的現象,經常出現當選的公職人員不是具有顯赫的政經家世背景,就是依靠財團協助而當選;即使是以「窮小子」的身份當選,要不了多久也就又與財團牽扯上難以說得清楚的曖昧關係,扭曲了原本被期待的社會正義。這使得原可藉由選舉表達的「意見自由」,某種程度上成了虛偽不實的幌子;民意很難光是藉由「選票」的爭取和積累就能被充分的表達出來,多少會遭遇到「鈔票」的污染,這是因為金錢成為推動選舉活動最不可少的動力來源。為了促使選舉過程的公平性和透明度,同時也防堵政治資金對選舉公平性的扭曲,如何制定有效的政治獻金管理制度,形成民主政治的重大考驗。 美國政治獻金管理制度發展迄今已逾百年,累積了相當的管理經驗,但也顯現了不少問題。本論文之主要內容在於彙整並提出美國政治獻金管理制度的演進過程以及該制度在發展過程中所遭遇到的問題,並提出如何解決這些問題?希冀透過本文的探討以作為未來美國政治獻金管理制度之認知與人權發展之探究。
In a democratic system, election is an important institution. Fund raising is a decisive factor to determine which part can win an election. In hence, a device which is regarded as a part of freedom of speech named as free political contributions which should receive respect and permission by its election law. This in turns develop an important mechanism in a democratic system. Just as, the great philosopher in ancient Greek, Alexander said “the money regarding politics, like the mother the milk is still important regarding the baby ". At recent years, money corrupts the political process is a common phenomenon. And usually it represent in types of political contributions. Some elected candidates who win their office always with the financial aids from their family or a few corporations. This will distort the decision making process and even distort political justice .Furthermore, this distortion can force the people’s option at elective process to be substitute by the financial factor. And this means that money is right and not the people are right. In brief, financial aids plays a key feature in campaign process is an inevitable trend. Especially in the American democracy this trend is obvious than the others. At recent years, Taiwan’s democratic reform is more like American style. So the problems of American democracy will appear in Taiwan’s democratic process that is inevitable too. So, we’d better to understand the norms and problems of America and conclude some ways to prevent the same problems appear in Taiwan. This research proposal is aimed at the management institution on political contribution in America.

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軟錢, 硬錢, 政治獻金, 獨立支出, 政治行動委員會, soft money, hard money, political contribution, independent expenditure, Political Action Committees

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