戰後臺灣居民休閒活動之歷史變遷─以身體運動為中心－

Abstract

摘要 戰後臺灣整體環境面臨到許多的改變，讓臺灣居民生活習慣有相當大的轉折，休閒活動是否受到影響？本文擬就外在環境因素中，人口、經濟、政治、教育等在不同時期的變遷，對照該時期下，臺灣休閒活動風貌與特徵的轉變，透過歷史研究的方法作出討論。本研究結果如下： 壹、戰後臺灣環境背景的變遷 此時的人口具有成長快速、集中都市以及人口老化的現象。經濟是由崩潰邊緣，逐漸走向穩定，再趨於繁榮的傾向。政治是以威權統治的方式，逐漸開放而走向民主。教育伴隨著國家政策，早期重視國民體力，而後課程漸趨多樣，休閒生活歷來都屬於體育課程目標之一。 貳、戰後臺灣居民休閒活動的轉變 一、戰後臺灣居民休閒活動的內容如下 初期，傳統活動得到發展的空間，競技性Sports也陸續發展，休閒性Sports在不同目的下被引進。1970年至1990年間，傳統活動逐漸沒落，但外來的活動盛行，New Sports在此時興起。1990年代傳統活動得到官方、民間力量的支持得以發展，前述的各種活動得到不同喜好人口的支持而多樣呈現，甚至展現商機，老人休閒活動此時展現需求。 二、戰後臺灣居民休閒活動的特徵如下 戰後臺灣居民休閒活動受到政治、教育相關措施的配合；傳統休閒活動的保存歷經波折；外來文化受到各方的支持茁壯茂盛；城鄉休閒活動的差距逐漸消弭；老人休閒活動的需要逐步顯現；休閒活動具有多樣選擇的機會。 本研究提出以下三點結論 一、人口的變化、經濟的成長、政治的民主、教育的普及是支撐臺灣居民休閒活動的動脈。 二、戰後臺灣居民休閒活動的內容依時期呈現不同風貌，多樣化的活動豐富了臺灣居民的生活。 三、戰後臺灣居民休閒活動的特徵具有外來文化與本土文化交融的現象。 關鍵詞：傳統娛樂 休閒性Sports 競技性Sports New SportsAbstract Confronted with much change, the overall environment of postwar Taiwan brought about quite a transformation of the habits in the life of Taiwanese residents. Were leisure activities affected? This article aims to discuss, through the method of historical study, the transformation in population, economy, politics, and education amidst external environmental factors during various periods in contrast to the change in the complexion and features of leisure activities in Taiwan during the same periods. The results of the study are as follows: I. Transformation in the environment and background in postwar Taiwan The demographic picture of this period had the phenomena of rapid growth, concentration in cities, and population ageing . The economy showed the tendency of gradually moving from the brink of collapse toward stability and then prosperity. Politics gradually shifted from the mode of authoritarianism to the more open form of democracy. In accordance with national policy, in the initial period of postwar education, emphasis was placed on the physical strength of the people, but later on there has been gradually more and more diversity in physical education programs, one of the goals of which has been recreation of life. II. Shifts in the leisure activities of residents in postwar Taiwan 1. Content of the leisure activities of residents in postwar Taiwan During the initial period, traditional activities had their scope of development, and competitive sports were also gradually developed; while recreational sports were gradually introduced under the direction of different goals. From 1970 to 1990, traditional activities gradually fell into decline, but foreign activities were prevalent and new sports emerged during this period. In the 1990s, traditional activities were developed with the support from the public and private sectors. The afore-mentioned activities received support from people with various preferences and assumed the complexion of diversity, even showing signs of business opportunity. During this period, there appeared demand for the leisure activities of senior citizens. 2. Characteristics of the leisure activities of residents in postwar Taiwan The leisure activities of residents in postwar Taiwan were geared to the related political and educational measures; the preservation of traditional activities encountered some setbacks; foreign culture grew and prospered with the support from various quarters; the gap of leisure activities between city and country gradually disappeared; demand for the leisure activities of the aged gradually appeared; and there was the opportunity for multiple choices in leisure activities. This study proposes the following three conclusions: 1. Demographic change, economic growth, political democracy, and widespread education have constituted an artery that have propped up the leisure activities of Taiwan’s residents. 2. In accordance with various periods, the content of the leisure activities of residents in postwar Taiwan assumed different complexions; diverse activities enriched the life of Taiwanese residents. 3. The leisure activities of residents in postwar Taiwan were characterized by a harmonious blending of foreign and native cultures.

Key Words：traditional activities , competitive sports, recreational sports, new sports