二戰末期臺北市的防空空地與空地帶及其戰後之變遷
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2014-06-01
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國立臺灣大學理學院地理環境資源學系
Abstract
在先前的研究中,以美軍拍攝北市內於二戰最末期的航照加以判讀,已經確認了臺北市內在1944-45年間所緊急開闢,為了防空而在都市中所劃設的疎開空地帶,並且也探討了這些空地帶在戰後的變遷,與對台北城市發展的影響。然而,僅以航照做判讀,只能略知主要的空地帶空間分布,而較難獲致全貌。本文以臺灣總督府報在1944年11月及1945年4月,兩次更為詳細的防空空地、防空空地帶指定,配合戰後處理這些被緊急徵用之都市用地情形,歸納出第一次指定(1944年11月)的六處防空空地與六處防空空地帶,以及第二次指定(1945年4月)的二十處防空空地帶位置。依照戰後的統計,第一次指定共拆除房屋351間,拆除房屋基地面積39,285平方米,第二次的指定則規模更大,拆除房屋2,748間,總房屋基地面積669,007平方米。合計兩次的指定,共在臺北劃設了708,292平方米的防空用空地與空地帶,其中46.3%屬於日產(日本人之財產),40.2%屬於私產(臺人之財產),其他則為國庫或市有地。戰後初期,臺北市府認為此空地係為防空而拆除,原則上應該予以保留,並供作道路或公園綠地之設施,故後來有約原指定面積之40.9%獲得保存。這些空地的存在,不管是轉化為道路,或者變成公園,均是今日臺北市的都市發展中,受到戰爭防空思維所影響下的城市烙印。
Previous studies have used aerial photos taken by the U.S. military during World War II (hereafter WWII) to identify several air-defense evacuation zones established in Taipei city during 1944-45. The impact of these evacuation zones on the post-war development of Taipei city was also discussed. However, it is hard to understand all the associated detail based solely on aerial photos only. This study thus acquired the official gazette of the Formosa Government published by the Taiwan Governor-General's Office in November 1944 and April 1945 and used it to identify two main assignments of the air-defense grounds and zones in Taipei city. Based on these documents and other information that came available after WWII, the first and second assignments, including six air-defense grounds along with six air-defense zones assigned in November 1944 and 20 air-defense zones assigned in April 1945, were identified. Based on calculations performed after WWII, 351 houses (total area 39,285 m^2) and 2,748 houses (total area 669,007 m^2) were torn down as a result of the first and second assignments, respectively. This created an area of 708,292 m^2 for air-defense grounds and zones, 46.3% of which was Japanese owned while 40.2% was Taiwanese owned. After WWII, the Taipei city considered these grounds were created for air-defense purposes, and thus should be preserved for roads and parks. Ultimately, 40.9% of the original assigned area was preserved. These areas became heritages the city gained through war, being an indirect benefit of air-defense measures undertaken during WWII.
Previous studies have used aerial photos taken by the U.S. military during World War II (hereafter WWII) to identify several air-defense evacuation zones established in Taipei city during 1944-45. The impact of these evacuation zones on the post-war development of Taipei city was also discussed. However, it is hard to understand all the associated detail based solely on aerial photos only. This study thus acquired the official gazette of the Formosa Government published by the Taiwan Governor-General's Office in November 1944 and April 1945 and used it to identify two main assignments of the air-defense grounds and zones in Taipei city. Based on these documents and other information that came available after WWII, the first and second assignments, including six air-defense grounds along with six air-defense zones assigned in November 1944 and 20 air-defense zones assigned in April 1945, were identified. Based on calculations performed after WWII, 351 houses (total area 39,285 m^2) and 2,748 houses (total area 669,007 m^2) were torn down as a result of the first and second assignments, respectively. This created an area of 708,292 m^2 for air-defense grounds and zones, 46.3% of which was Japanese owned while 40.2% was Taiwanese owned. After WWII, the Taipei city considered these grounds were created for air-defense purposes, and thus should be preserved for roads and parks. Ultimately, 40.9% of the original assigned area was preserved. These areas became heritages the city gained through war, being an indirect benefit of air-defense measures undertaken during WWII.