龔賢《課徒畫稿》水墨教學之研究

Abstract

在現有龔賢相關研究中，對於龔賢繪畫風格上的探討研究眾多，唯龔賢曾將其藝術思想，藉由淺顯易懂、圖文說明的介紹方式，撰寫為數種版本的《課徒畫稿》，但其深入研究與探討則付之如闕。故本文之研究目的有三，一是探討龔賢水墨教學理論之形成背景、二是龔賢課徒畫稿之價值、三是龔賢課徒畫稿對後世之影響與啟示。 在研究架構橫向面上，先就中國傳統之美術教育、龔賢及其課徒畫稿之相關研究進行探討，繼而綜理明末清初繪畫發展之時代背景，取得本文廣度之基礎研究。在縱向研究上，先行探索龔賢繪畫風格及其水墨教學理論之發展與內涵，再進行龔賢課徒畫稿之形式與內容分析，並綜述歷代畫譜與龔賢課徒畫稿之分析比較，目的在探得其內在之重要特質，並歸納出龔賢課徒畫稿之意義與價值。最後本研究獲致重要結論如下： 一、龔賢水墨教育思想的核心重點分別是繪畫技法的傳授、對歷代畫論畫理的理解、鼓勵自我風格的藝術創造態度、藝術與人格的修養俱進等。 二、在中國美術教育史中，目前可見遺留課徒畫稿質量最豐富的就是龔賢課徒畫稿，其擁有畫譜科學式的呈現方式，同時將水墨畫當中最重要的繪畫觀念與哲理帶入教學之中，這是龔賢課徒畫稿在中國美術教育史上最偉大的貢獻。 三、龔賢課徒畫稿對後世的影響，包括對龔賢學生及對後世畫家的影響、及近年龔賢書畫市場的判準與鑑定等影響。 本文從龔賢的教學角度切入與分析，希望能有助於未來從事水墨教學工作者，也期待龔賢的課徒畫稿將來能有更多人持續投入研究，則將更有助於世人瞭解龔賢藝術的奧妙。

There are lots of studies on Kung Hsien’s painting style in the existing relevant research. However, they all lack in-depth study and discussion as to Kung Hsien’s thoughts of art once written by himself in different versions of instructional manual through the explanation of simple words and the introduction of pictures. Therefore, this study has three purposes to explore: First, the formation of the background on Kung Hsien’s water ink teaching theory; second, the value of his instructional manual and third, the impact and inspiration.

This research on its horizontal structure first discussed the relation among the Chinese traditional fine arts teaching, Kung Hsien and his related research on instructional manual. Then, it managed and classified the development of the seventeenth century painting background---the end of Min Dynasty and the beginning of the Chin Dynasty as the basis for the breadth of this study. In the longitudinal study, the research probed the development and content of Kung Hsien’s painting style and theory of water ink teaching, analyzed the form and content of his instructional manual and overviewed the comparison between past paintings and Kung Hsien’s instructional manual. The purposes are to obtain the intrinsic, important characteristic of Kung Hsien’s instructional manual and sum up the meaning and value of his. Finally, the results of this study were summarized as follows: 1. The cores of Kung Hsien’s water ink education are instruction of painting techniques, understanding of painting theories in the past, inspiration of self-style attitude towards artistic creation, and progress in art and cultivation of character, etc. 2. In Chinese history of fine arts teaching, it is Kung Hsien’s instructional manual that features in quantity and quality in the left same works. His instructional manual is characterized by scientific displays of paintings, meanwhile with the most important concept and philosophy of water ink painting brought into teaching, which is the greatest contribution made by Kung Hsien’s instructional manual in Chinese history of fine arts teaching. 3. The influences of Kung Hsien’s instructional manual include the effect on his students and paintings of future generations; the judgment and identification of Kung Hsien’s painting market in recent years, etc.

This paper providing the analysis with Kung Hsien’s teaching perspective hopes to contribute to future water ink instructors and also expects there will be more and more people devoted to Kung Hsien’s instructional manual, which would benefit people to understand the wonders and essence of Kung Hsien’s art.