賽夏語的日語借字：優選理論分析

Abstract

本論文著墨於賽夏語如何在不違反其自身的借字音韻學之下借用日語單字。在此研究中，我們使用優選理論 (Optimality Theory (OT), MaCarthy& Prince 1993, Prince & Smolensky 1993, 2004) 和評價排序模組 (Rank-Ordering Model of EVAL (ROE), Coetzee 2006) 分析記載於 Palemeq (2014) 和台灣原住民族語言線上詞典 (Taiwan indigenous language online Dictionary) 當中的賽夏語日語借字。 根據語料分析顯示，大部分的賽夏語日語借字皆符合借字音韻學之假設，也就是說，若日語借字中的音段亦存在於賽夏語的語音系統，其音段會被正確的接收且保留，反之，若其音段不存在於賽夏語的語音系統，此日語外來音段將會被賽夏語中相近的音段所取代。除此之外，日語借字當中的音段結合亦會受到賽夏語的音位排列限制。 另外，在分析日語音段 [s]、[ʃ] 和 [ts]、[tʃ] 的借用中，我們發現賽夏語借字音韻學偏好使用 [+anterior] 的音段，而在賽夏語選擇借用日語音段 [ɣ] 的現象中，我們得知賽夏語的借字音韻會儘可能符合語音對稱現象 (phonological symmetry, Katamba 1989)，因此偏好借用 [+continuant] 的音段。This thesis focuses on how Saisiyat adapts Japanese words without violating its native phonology. In this research, we analyze the Japanese loanwords in Saisiyat which are recorded in Palemeq (2014) and Taiwan indigenous language online Dictionary by the means of Optimality Theory (OT, MaCarthy& Prince 1993, Prince & Smolensky 1993, 2004) and Rank-Ordering Model of EVAL (ROE, Coetzee 2006). It is shown that the adaptations of Japanese words in Saisiyat generally follow the hypothesis in loanword phonology that if the segments in Japanese loanwords are available in Saisiyat, they will be correctly perceived and preserved, while if the segments are only available in Japanese, they will be replaced by the similar ones existing in Saisiyat. Besides, the combinations of segments in Japanese loanwords are also constrained by Saisiyat phonotactics rules. On the other hand, the adaptations of Japanese [s] vs. [ʃ] and [ts] vs. [tʃ] show that [+anterior] segments are preferred in Saisiyat loanword phonology and the borrowing of Japanese [ɣ] into Saisiyat shows that Saisiyat loanword phonology prefers [+continuant] segments to achieve phonological symmetry (Katamba 1989).