社會企業與公平貿易：認證系統對利害關係人之影響分析

Abstract

社會企業與公平貿易近十年來在臺灣蓬勃發展，許多運用公平貿易模式之社會企業應運而生，而申請國際性公平貿易認證是否為必要，也形成論戰。 本研究目的希望透過探索公平貿易運動及認證制度的發展歷史與現狀、公平貿易導向社會企業在臺灣發展的歷史及現況，以及探索未申請認證的公平貿易模式對利害關係人之影響，探討公平貿易認證是否為公平貿易導向社會企業的必要途徑。 本研究以深度訪談法及文件分析法進行，以光原社會企業、雨林咖啡、棉樂悅事工坊為個案，瞭解未受認證之公平貿易導向社會企業之公平貿易模式及形成原因，及公平貿易模式對利害關係人之影響。 研究結果發現未受認證之公平貿易模式對利害關係人之正向影響多元，其中對行銷有益、生產者有穩定且較高的收入、進行公共回饋及培力，與公平貿易認證系統對於利害關係人之正向影響重疊；未受認證之公平貿易模式對利害關係人之負向影響則歸咎於社會企業規模較小、影響力較低而帶來的種種限制，而無論有無受認證的公平貿易模式，皆因不同緣故，對於生產者的回饋，在不同程度上未帶來成效；其對公平貿易認證系統之看法，正向多於負向；最後本研究認為認證並非公平貿易模式唯一途徑。 本研究提出兩部分建議，對於不欲申請公平貿易認證之社會企業：可定期公布公平貿易模式之成效，且可開放驗證；積極加入網絡，爭取合作；授權給生產者，讓生產者能漸漸自立；對於欲申請公平貿易認證之社會企業：建議親自走訪產地，了解回饋狀況。望能透過此建議，解決其所遇到之困難與限制。Social enterprise and fair trade have been developing for ten years in Taiwan, many social enterprises practice fair trade model. It becomes a conflict that if it’s necessary to apply international fair trade certification. The objectives of this study focus on finding out the history and status quo of fair trade international certification system and the Taiwanese fair trade social enterprises, and finding out the effect of fair trade model with no fair trade certification for stakeholders, then it concludes that if the international fair trade certification is the only way for fair trade social enterprises. This study adopts the Aurora Social Enterprise, Rain Forest coffee, and Dharti Marta as study case, and uses the depth interviews and documentary research to explore how the fair trade social enterprises practice fair trade model with no certification, what is the cause of the fair trade model, and the effect for stakeholders. This study finds that the positive effect for stakeholders are multiple, some are similar with the fair trade model with certification: good for promotion, offer stable and higher salary for producers, public construction and empowerment. The negative effect mainly caused by the social enterprises without fair trade certification are small which leads to many restricts, and no matter they have certification or not, because of different reasons, some benefits for producers are not really effective. Towards the certification system, the opinions of those social enterprises are more positive than negative. Applying the international fair trade certification is not necessary. Two suggestions to solve the difficulties and restricts are offered below: for the social enterprises who don’t want to apply the international fair trade certification, they could publish the results of their fair trade model which could be examinated by public; join the network and cooperate with others; empower the producers to be self-supporting. For the social enterprises who want to apply the international fair trade certification, they could visit the origin to know the benefits for producers.