平等或差異？- 母親身份與母性政策的論述
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Date
2006-06-01
Authors
潘淑滿
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Publisher
內政部社區發展雜誌社
Abstract
「母職」一詞蘊含著多重意涵，它可以是指社會文化透過社會制度定義女性的社會關係，也可以是指女性在日常生活中所擔負生育與養育的責任。本文主要是透過女性主義觀點，檢視歐美與台灣之母性政策與法案，剖析國家如何藉由社會制度的建構，形塑女性在日常生活中母職實踐之經驗，並釐清母性政策勾勒的母職形象之輪廓所隱涵的性別意識。台灣母性政策的發展從戰後初期的家庭計畫辦理，到世紀之交的「兩性工作平等法」之實施，共歷經了半世紀之久。在這五十年期間，無論是早期以生育為主的家庭計畫或「優生保健法」之實施，或中期以家庭為主、工作為輔的「勞動基準法」與「就業服務法」，到近期強調家庭與工作並重的「兩性工作平等法」，都勾勒出日常生活中女性與家庭密不可分的互動關係。然而，這些社會關係又建構著甚麼樣的母職形象與凸顯出甚麼樣的社會意涵呢？本研究綜合歸納戰後台灣母性政策發展之社會意涵，包括： (一) 維繫傳統核心家庭關係為主軸；(二) 殘補式的母性保護之福利思維；(三) 支持配套不足的就業環境；(四) 及強調「男主外、女主內」的性別角色。
The term of mothering means several. It could mean women’s social relationships within specific social contexts. It also could mean women’s experiences in daily life for educating or nurturing child. In this article, author presents a poststructuralist feminist perspective for examining the social meaning of maternity policies in Taiwan since 1945. Data from legislative bulletins and maternity policies/laws’ articles have been applying to analyzing the implications of sexual ideologies among each maternity law. During the past 50 years, the development of maternity policies in Taiwan, from Family Plan to the Law of Gender Equal Rights in Job, nuclear family value has become the center of women’s mothering in daily life. According to this study, the development of maternity policies in Taiwan since 1945 implies four：firstly to support the traditional family value, secondly to establish residual welfare ideologies, thirdly to maintain status quo, and fourthly, to emphasize sexual stereotype based on the value of ‘man is breadwinner, woman is housekeeper.’
The term of mothering means several. It could mean women’s social relationships within specific social contexts. It also could mean women’s experiences in daily life for educating or nurturing child. In this article, author presents a poststructuralist feminist perspective for examining the social meaning of maternity policies in Taiwan since 1945. Data from legislative bulletins and maternity policies/laws’ articles have been applying to analyzing the implications of sexual ideologies among each maternity law. During the past 50 years, the development of maternity policies in Taiwan, from Family Plan to the Law of Gender Equal Rights in Job, nuclear family value has become the center of women’s mothering in daily life. According to this study, the development of maternity policies in Taiwan since 1945 implies four：firstly to support the traditional family value, secondly to establish residual welfare ideologies, thirdly to maintain status quo, and fourthly, to emphasize sexual stereotype based on the value of ‘man is breadwinner, woman is housekeeper.’