越南明鄉人的認同─以胡志明市明鄉嘉盛堂為例

Abstract

明鄉（Minh Hương），原為明「香」，乃維持明朝香火之意。明末清初許多遺臣不肯接受清朝的統治，相繼逃往東南亞各國，而移居至越南者因以「延續明朝香火」為志，故稱之為「明香（鄉）」。由於明鄉多與越南女子通婚，故明鄉後來泛指中越混血之子女，族群登記為京族而非華族。以常理而言，混血之子女必定會較認同與融入從小土生土長的居住國（父方或母方的國籍），故明鄉後裔融入越南當今社會本在預料之中。越南當局透過賦稅與其他優待方式，使明鄉人與後來移民的華人有所區別，例如:明鄉人在某些方面的待遇等同於越南人，同時明鄉擁有自己的村社與組織。這些政策有意無意的讓明鄉人一方面融入當地，被視為越南人；一方面卻又仍可保留自身族群的認同。直至南越政府的強入越籍、西元1975年越南政府將明鄉人歸入京族（Kinh）而非劃為獨立民族後，使明鄉人認同之維持更有探討的價值。 本研究問題意識有三：一、當今明鄉人的族群登記已為京族，為何仍願意持續保有明鄉族群意識？二、當今明鄉人的族群登記已為京族，其如何維持明鄉族群之認同？三、明鄉會館作為一個文化記憶的載體，是否達到凝聚族群意識與文化認同的作用？本研究透過中文、越南文與日文文獻，梳理明鄉研究脈絡上的歷史背景，並透過親赴越南實地訪查，將明鄉認同問題聚焦於其維持認同的因素與方式，最後從訪談資料中整理歸納出明鄉嘉盛堂（Minh Huong Gia Thanh Temple）對於明鄉人認同的正面影響與潛在危機。本研究結論可分為以下三點：一、明鄉人具有雙重認同的特性，既認同自身為明鄉人，亦認同自己是京族；二、明鄉人透過會館與祭祀活動，使其族群認同與文化認同得以保存與延續；三、即便會館對於明鄉人維持認同有所助益，但其會員與參與祭祀人數逐漸減少，可能會使明鄉人的認同越來越淡薄，而成為明鄉認同保存之潛藏危機。Minh Hương which originally known as "Xiang" is the meaning of the descendant of the Ming Dynasty. Many ministers in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties refused to accept the rule of the Qing Dynasty and fled to Southeast Asian countries. Those who moved to Vietnam were called " Minh Hương （Township）" because they wanted to "continue the thriving of the Ming Dynasty." Since Minh Hương is mostly married to Vietnamese women, later Minh Hương refers to the biracial children of the Chinese and Vietnamese, and the ethnic groups are registered as the "Kinh" instead of the Chinese. In the common sense, biracial children who grew up from a small age will certainly agree with and integrate into the country of residence （parent’ nationality）. Therefore, it is expected that the descendant of Minh Hương will be integrated into the current society of Vietnam.Through the taxation and other preferential treatments, the Vietnamese authorities made the Minh Hương different from the Chinese who emigrated later. For example, Minh Hương are treated in the same way as Vietnamese and has its own villages and organizations. On one hand, these policies intentionally or unintentionally allow Minh Hương to be integrated into the local area and are regarded as Vietnamese. On the other hand, they can still remain the identity of their own ethnic groups. Until the South Vietnamese government force Minh Hương to as Vietnamese. In 1975, the Vietnamese government integrated Minh Hương into the Kinh rather than an independent ethnic group, so that the identity of Minh Hương is more valuable. There are three questions in this research:（1）The ethnic registration of Minh Hương now is the Kinh. Why are they still willing to continue to remain the identity of the Minh Hương?（2）The ethnic registration of Minh Hương now is the Kinh. How does it remain the identity of the Minh Hương?（3）As a carrier of cultural memory, does the Minh Hương temple has the role of aggregating ethnic consciousness and cultural identity? Through the Chinese, Vietnamese and Japanese literatures, this study sorts out the historical background of the Minh Hương and researcher personally took travel to make a lot of observations and studies in Vietnam. This research focuses on the identification of Minh Hương in its factors and methods of remaining identity. Researcher finally sorts out the positive impact and potential crisis of Minh Hương identification through interview datum from Minh Huong Gia Thanh Temple. The findings of this study are summarized as follows:（1）Minh Hương people heve double identity of Minh Huong and Kinh.（2）Minh Hương remain the identity of Minh Hương by their ritual and culture of Minh Huong Gia Thanh Temple.（3）Even Minh Huong Gia Thanh Temple can helps the Minh Hương people to maintain their identity, but the number of members and the number of people participating in the festival gradually decrease, which may make the identity of Minh Huong people become weaker, and become a potential crisis.