以生態發展系統觀點看運動員生涯轉換之歷程

Abstract

本研究目的欲瞭解臺灣運動員的成長歷程，並依據生態系統剖析運動員於生涯轉換中所處之情勢，進而提出研究結果與建議。研究方法採半結構式訪談，以經歷規範性／非規範性轉換的退休女籃運動員（共兩名）為研究對象，分別針對運動員本身與其家人、教練、隊友以及臺灣體育相關政策執行者進行訪談以蒐集資料。結果發現影響臺灣運動員成長環境之鉅觀系統包括：全民運動參與、對運動員之價值觀、升學主義及運動中的性別等層面；外部系統為：競技運動政策、升學辦法、體育班設置、能力與常態分班；中間系統有：球隊環境與個人發展性、球隊的驟變、重要他人走向等；微觀系統則是：住宿生活、以及家人、教練、隊友與個體之互動。建議在鉅觀系統方面：宣導運動附加功能力促全民運動普及、帶動企業投入體育活動與贊助、建立特殊族群運動習慣、運動場館的普及與永續經營、傳播媒體負起社會責任改善運動性別差異，除力求男女性均衡的報導外並避免歧視性的用語；外部系統方面：強化運動傷害防護的作用、厚植運動教練的專業訓練、增設運動心理諮詢服務之有效管道、重新省視運動員升學辦法並訂立學科要求、各級學校體育班確實督導追蹤；其他：教練、家長、教師間建立溝通橋樑有助運動員成長發展、從小培養運動員運動以外之能力以儲備自身競爭力。The purpose of this research was to study the athletes’ development in Taiwan and to analyze the challenges the athletes may encounter during their career transitions based on the ecological system theory. Two retired women's basketball players, who experienced the normative / non-normative transition, are the research subjects in this study. The research material and relevant information are collected by adopting the semi-structured interviews, which were conducted with the athletes, their families, coaches, teammates, and also the sports-related policy implementers in the Taiwan government. Based on the analyzed results, it was concluded that the impacts of Taiwan macroscopic system on the growing environment of athletes include the general sport participation, the social assessment and evaluation toward athletes, the exam-oriented educational system, and genders in sports. For the external systems, the impacts are the sports policy, the education approaches, the sports class settings, and the ability and normality placement. For the intermediate systems, the environment of the basketball teams, the personal developments, sudden changes within the teams, and the directions of significant other are the contributing factors. In addition, the living accommodation, as well as the individual's interaction with their families, coaches, and teammates are the main factors in the microscopic systems. With the above findings, the recommendations to the macroscopic systems in Taiwan are 1) advocating sport additional functions to urge the popularity of general sports, 2) driving enterprises to invest in sports activities and sponsorships, 3) establishing sport routines within the special groups, 4) encouraging the establishment and the sustainable operation of sports venues. Moreover, the media plays a key role to hold the social responsibility to minimize the differences in genders in sports. The expected efforts made by themedia should include striving the reports balanced between men and women and also avoiding the usages of discriminate terms. In terms of the external systems, it is recommended strengthening the practice on preventing sport injuries, enhancing sports coaches’ professional training, establishing and increasing effective pipelines of sport counseling services, re-evaluating the choices of academic paths for athletes and setting clear academic requirements, and tracking school sports classes at all levels reliably. Other suggestions are establishing communication bridges between coaches, parents and teachers in order to help the athletes fully develop, and cultivating other personal capabilities other than sports to enhance their competitiveness since their childhood.