不同層級游泳運動員在不同捷泳速度下肩和髖部側傾之運動學

Abstract

目的：探討不同前進速度對軀幹側傾角度之影響，並瞭解在不同組別游泳速度與軀幹傾角的變化。方法：招募16位受過3年以上競技游泳訓練選手，依據50公尺捷泳最佳成績分為優秀與次優秀組。使用無線傳感器分別安裝於軀幹和手腕位置，擷取頻率設定 120 Hz。受試者依序進行自覺中等速度、給定速度、最大速度 50 公尺捷泳試驗。上肢傳感器用於辨識動作周期與計算划幅、划頻；軀幹傳感器對其縱軸角速度訊號進行積分求得軀幹側傾角度、角速度與扭轉數據。使用二因子混和變異數分析，組內分析不同游泳速度差異，組間分析不同層級選手差異，並對運動學參數進行皮爾森相關分析。顯著水準採用 α=.05。結果：除上軀幹的非慣用側外，其餘側傾角均受前進速度與選手層級的交互作用影響。所有選手在最大速度時，上、下軀幹皆出現最小傾角，且與划手頻率呈高度負相關。此外，在相同的控制速度下，優秀選手展現出更大的上軀幹慣用側傾角和較低的划手頻率。結論：游泳選手透過減少上軀幹的傾角使划手頻率增加，並且核心肌群作用，降低下軀幹傾角，使動力鏈能夠更好的傳遞並維持划手頻率。主要效果檢定顯示，選手層級和游泳速度的交互作用影響傾角變化模式，但由於軀幹傾角與游泳秒數及划手頻率高度相關，不能作為衡量技術水平的唯一標準。Purpose: To investigate the impact of different swimming speeds on trunk inclination angles and variations across skill levels. Methods: Sixteen competitive swimmers with over three years of training were categorized into elite and sub-elite groups based on their best 50-meter freestyle performance. Wireless sensors on the trunk and wrists, capturing data at 120 Hz, recorded motion cycles and stroke frequency during trials at moderate, controlled, and maximum speeds. Trunk sensors measured roll angles and trunk twist angles. A two-factor mixed-design ANOVA analyzed intra-group speed differences and inter-group skill variations, with Pearson correlation for kinematic parameters. The significance level was set at α = .05. Results: Except for the non-dominant side of the upper trunk, the other lateral roll angles are influenced by the interaction between forward speed and swimmer level. At maximum speed, all swimmers exhibit the smallest roll angles in both the upper and lower trunk, which are highly negatively correlated with stroke frequency. Additionally, at the same controlled speed, elite swimmers demonstrate a greater dominant side roll angle of the upper trunk and a lower stroke frequency. Conclusion: Swimmers can increase their stroke frequency by reducing the tilt angle of the upper trunk. The engagement of the core muscles reduces the tilt angle of the lower trunk, allowing for better transmission and maintenance of the stroke frequency within the kinetic chain. Main effect tests indicate that the interaction between swimmer level and swimming speed influences the tilt angle variation pattern. However, due to the high correlation between trunk tilt angles, swimming times, and stroke frequency, these angles cannot be used as the sole standard for assessing skill level.