竹東客庄地區基督教發展史及教會對客語復振的態度與實踐：從1865年到2023年

Abstract

本論文主旨在以竹東在地歷史與台灣總體論述做對話，研究1865年至2023年間，臺灣竹東地區客家族裔語言復振現象反映在竹東客庄多元基督教派中之現象。1865年到2023年間，發生了兩波的客家運動，第一波是1935年的「中原客家」運動，第二波是1988年12月28日還我母語運動之後形塑的「臺灣客家」運動，基督教界特別在第二波客家運動中，做了些具影響力的努力，譬如長老會成立於2000年成立了客家區會，2007年成立了客家中會，基督教界於2005年至2014年推動客家10年倍加運動，2012年出版了現代臺灣客語譯本的《客語聖經》。 本文從臺灣語言政策發展的變革，探討客語近年來於國家語言發展法之政策變化，亦從臺灣客家文化重點發展區竹東地區作為核心，探討基督教信仰的教會，在客語政策的發展下客語復振的態度與實踐情形。竹東客庄地區居核心位置，以同質性高的海陸腔客語面貌呈現，竹東客庄地區多元的基督教教會對臺灣客語文史具保存貢獻。本論文以俗民方法學的研究途徑，以及文獻分析、深度訪談與參與觀察的研究方法，探討以竹東客庄地區基督教教會對於客語復振的態度與傳承實踐情形，並從中窺探海陸客語和基督教多元教派兩者於竹東客庄的發展進程，為臺灣客語政策發展與基督教跨界合作交流提出些許想法與建議，並重寫竹東地區基督教多元教派教會客語發展史。The purpose of this thesis is to engage in a dialogue between the local history of Zhudong and the overall discourse of Taiwan, studying the phenomenon of Hakka language revitalization among the diverse Christian denominations in the Zhudong Kezhuang area from 1865 to 2023. During this period, two waves of the Hakka movement occurred: the first wave was the “Central Plains Hakka” movement in 1935, and the second wave was the “Taiwan Hakka” movement shaped after the “Return My Mother Tongue” movement on December 28, 1988. The Christian community made some influential efforts, especially during the second wave of the Hakka movement. For example, the Presbyterian Church established the Hakka Presbytery in 2000 and the Hakka Synod in 2007. From 2005 to 2014, the Christian community promoted the Hakka Decade Multiplication Movement, and in 2012, the modern Taiwanese Hakka translation of the “Hakka Bible” was published. This thesis explores the changes in Taiwan’s language policy development, examining the recent policy changes in the National Language Development Act regarding the Hakka language. It also focuses on the Zhudong area, a key development area for Taiwanese Hakka culture, to investigate the attitudes and practices of Christian churches towards Hakka language revitalization under the development of Hakka language policies. The Zhudong Kezhuang area, with its highly homogeneous Hailu Hakka dialect, has made significant contributions to the preservation of Taiwanese Hakka literature and history through its diverse Christian churches. This thesis employs ethnomethodology, literature analysis, in-depth interviews, and participant observation to explore the attitudes and practices of Christian churches in the Zhudong Kezhuang area towards Hakka language revitalization. It also examines the development process of the Hailu Hakka dialect and the diverse Christian denominations in the Zhudong Kezhuang area, offering some ideas and suggestions for the development of Taiwan’s Hakka language policy and cross-border cooperation and exchange within the Christian community. Additionally, it rewrites the history of Hakka language development in the diverse Christian denominations in the Zhudong area.