現代漢語數量定語組的語法意義、篇章、語用分析及教學應用

Abstract

綜觀漢語語言學論述，「數量定語組」以「量詞」為討論中心，位置多半放在漢語詞類介紹。而其內容則以量詞的分類、量詞與名詞的搭配為重心。而觀察對外華語的教材，「數量定語組」同樣以「量詞」為教學中心，教學時間點絕大多數在初級的最初幾課，內容則不談量詞的分類，而以量詞與名詞的搭配，以及數量定語組的句型變化為主軸。有鑑於此，本文以語法意義、篇章及語用三大層面為架構，將數量定語組系統性地整合、分析。 在語法意義的層面上，本文由數詞、量詞的成分加以探尋，總結數量定語組的語法意義有三：「計數義」、「計量義」與「分類義」。而面對數量定語組的三個句式，語法意義穩固不變，即使省略式1和省略式2會依著語言形式的省略而缺省相關的語法意義上，但其意義並非完全消失，而能藉由其他語言成分或受話者自行補足。在篇章層面上，本文從指稱加以探究，完整式與省略式2主要指稱無定詞組，然與其他語法成分結合時，可能產生改變，也可能違反信息結構原則；而省略式1同樣以指稱無定詞組為主，然而當省略式1與其他語言成分結合時，便隨之改變，甚至違反信息結構原則。說明語言成分上的限定，凌駕於信息結構的約束。而語用層面上，本文認為省略式1有「弱化」的語用功能，能削弱發話者的主觀態度，形成輕鬆、隨意的情境；而當完整式表達泛指時，則產生「情感投入」的語用功能，使受話者更能投入到情境之中，感同身受。 最後，本文檢視四套經典教材內容，教材都在初級程度時介紹數量定語組的語法，但較缺少對數量定語組及其成分簡明清楚的說明，也缺乏在篇章、語用層面上的說明。因此，本文提出幾點教學建議，認為應先建立數量定語組的概念，說明以簡要為宜。其次，依序由語法規則、句式、語法意義的介紹，再進入語用及篇章層面的教學及練習。此外亦應考量學習者母語，使數量定語組的教學更為完整，能兼顧系統性與實用性。The Chinese adjectival structure “Numeral + Measure word (+Noun)” typically are regarded as a question of “Measure words”, and usually are focused on the classification, or semantic relationship between measure words and referred nouns. Therefore, the present study aims to analyze the semantic, discourse and pragmatic level of the adjectival structure “Numeral + Classifier”, primarily based on the database collated from a book recommendation. First of all, three grammatical meanings are induced on semantic level: count, measure and classification. According to Givón’s Quantity Principle, prototypical form of the structure has complete grammatical meanings, whereas variation1 and variation2 have part of them. However, the lack of meanings can be made up by hearer or other language elements. Next, reference and information structure are core issues on discourse level. According to the analysis in the present study, the structure basically refers an indeterminate noun and follows the tendency of Chinese information structure. However, the preference of reference could be varied by other language elements. The tendency of information structure would even be disobeyed, which means other language elements are considered above information structure for the reference. Finally, the present study only focuses on the speaker’s stance on pragmatic level. As a result, variation1 has a trivialness stance for softening speaker’s tone or attitude. Additionally, prototypical form which refers to a generic noun has a pragmatic function for strengthening speaker involvement, which differentiates a bare noun.