清末邊臣奕山及其邊務初探

Abstract

清朝末年，一個內憂外患頻仍的時代，一個古老的傳統封建體制面臨了亙古未見的變局。這個變動反映在邊防上，是一連串的邊釁、戰爭與隨之而來的條約，宣告中國正從朝貢體制走入條約體制。塞防以及後來逐漸重視的海防，都暴露出清朝的弱點，西方列強則在中國取得各種利益，或通商、或賠款、或割地、或部分主權。在這個動蕩的時代，有一名滿清宗室，足跡踏遍中國西北、東北塞防要地，以及東南海防重鎮，同時也簽訂了數個影響中國未來命運的重要條約─「廣州和約」、「伊犂塔爾巴哈臺通商章程」、「愛琿條約」，他就是奕山。奕山在清末風起雲湧的改革浪潮中，並沒有重大貢獻，相對地，他代表著舊體制底下安份任官的官僚。但也因為他在海陸邊疆的許多作為，對清末政局有一定程度的影響，若論清末邊防，奕山是值得探討的一位人物。本文先簡述奕山一生經歷，再以其在廣州、新疆、黑龍江三地辦理之邊務，探討奕山在清末中國邊防中的定位。

It was a period with internal revolts and foreign invasions in late Qing dynasty, an antique tradition feudalism faced the situation hadn’t ever experienced. It reflected on frontier defenses with a succession of disturbances, wars, and treaties. To announce that Chine was going from tributary system to treaty system. Not only the inland frontier defenses, but also the coast defenses whitch gradually be paid much attention, revealed the weaknesses of Qing dynasty. The big powers from west took by force with various benefits, such as traded, paid reparations, ceded territory, and lost a part of sovereign rights. In the changeful times, there was a member of the Imperial Clan who went the military districts of frontier defenses at northwest and northeast China. At the same time, he signed treaties which influenced China’s destiny were called “Truce of Guangzhou”, “Treaty of Kuldja”, and “Treaty of Aigun”. He was I-Shan. I-Shan didn’t have great achievements with the improvements in late Qing dynasty. Relatively, he in the person of a bureaucrat who took office in the same old rut under old system. However, he influenced the late Qing dynasty political situation considerably with his deeds in frontier defenses. I-Shan is worth discussing with Frontier Defenses in Late Qing Dynasty. This paper talks about I-Shan’s past experience compendiously with a brief introduction about his life, then to confer the position at frontier defenses on late Qing dynasty with what I-Shan processed in Guangzhou, Xinjiang, and Heilongjiang.