漢語「起來」的語意和語法研究

Abstract

漢語動後成份（一般統稱「補語」）是現代漢語當中一種特殊的結構。其中「起來」的語意和句法的複雜度，都遠較其他動後成份高，對於第二語言學習者而言也較容易有使用上的偏誤。

歷來關於動後「起來」之研究不少，然而其研究結果，都只做到充份描述「起來」的語意；對於「起來」的各項語意之間是否有內在聯繫，其語意脈絡又為何，並沒有加以解釋。本文認為，「起來」的語意看似複雜，基本上卻如同其他「動後趨向性成份」，語意核心仍來自於「起來」作為動詞時的本義。雖然動後「起來」隨著詞彙意義的弱化、語法功能的強化過程，其語意也從空間、時間，漸次過渡到抽象，然而，各個層次的語意之間仍有其內在聯繫。也因此，動後「起來」即使有多項語意，表面上看似無關—有時甚至相反—但在漢族人的心理辭典中，動詞／動後「起來」仍是自成一格的，有其獨立、完整的概念。

本文旨在嘗試打破以往對動詞／動後「起來」的分類的彊界，探尋「起來」之核心語意，及「起來」的語意網路各個層次的脈絡，為「起來」的一詞多義現象作符合心理認知的詮釋。

本文的研究內容有以下幾點：(一)、重新從句法上定義動後「起來」；(二)、建立起動詞／動後「起來」的語意系統架構和脈絡；(三)、系統性地分析動後「起來」的語意和語法特徵。 Post-verbal components, generally known as “verbal complements of direction”, are a characteristic construction of modern Mandarin Chinese. Among them, “qi-lai” has the greatest complexity in terms of semantic and syntactic characteristics, and therefore is harder for learners to acquire and easier for them to misuse than other post-verbal components.

“Qi-lai” has been studied several times in the past. Most studies only dealt with qi-lai’s semantic and syntactic properties and provided comprehensive descriptions of qi-lai; however, there is no adequate account for the cause of qi-lai’s polysemy, and the interaction of qi-lai’s different meanings has not been researched so far.

We suggest that post-verbal component qi-lai’s core meaning originates from its use as a verb, as is the case with other post-verbal components. Although qi-lai has very different, even apparently irrelevant semantic functions, all of its meanings are internally linked to one another by means of mechanisms of image schema, metaphor and metonymy. The direction of qi-lai’s extension follows the universal principle from concrete to abstract and from space to time. Therefore, qi-lai operates as a complete, whole concept in native speakers’ mental dictionary despite its complicated semantic properties.

This thesis aims to determine post-verbal component qi-lai’s core meaning and to reason out its semantic network based on human beings’ cognition.

The goals of this thesis are as follows: firstly, to redefine qi-lai syntactically; secondly, to build qi-lai’s frame of semantic properties; and lastly, to analyse qi-lai’s semantic and syntactic characteristics systematically.