泰國的全面同化政策與華人宗教文化之研究

Abstract

宗教文化在華人社會中佔有重要之角色，對於海外華人社會更是如此。從研究資料中可發現，在同化政策實施前的泰國華人社會中便存在不少關於華人寺廟的描述，在其周圍多會逐漸形成一個熱鬧的華人社區，由此可看華人生活與寺廟有著緊密的連結。早期泰國採取自然同化政策，但隨著民族主義興起，泰國同化政策的雛型隨著拉瑪六世登基後逐漸成形；1932年泰國成為君主立憲制後，將拉瑪六世的排華思想具體化，開始出現一連串的華人全面同化政策。同化政策主要從移民及國籍、文化教育及經濟方面著手，加上同化政策實行後新的華人移民大量減少，隨著同化政策實施，泰國出生的第二代華人融入泰國社會，如何從泰國人中區分出華人之身份，只剩下華人傳承下來的傳統中華文化。此時與華人社會有緊密關係的華人宗教文化更是從原本單純心靈寄託的角色，漸漸轉變成當地華人在族群身分、文化認同及傳承的重要角色。 本文主要以泰國華人社會中較常見或具方言群特色之信仰進行研究，其結果顯示華人同化於泰國社會後，除了佛教信仰外，仍有其他較具特色的地方信仰。其中可發現華人信仰的宗教慶典除了保留有早期傳統中華文化外，有部分融合了泰國當地的文化；另外還有部分的華人宗教團體更是以跨國人脈及資源發展出新的宗教事業，讓原本早已在發源地沒落或是消失的信仰重新在泰國發揚光大，例如德教、大峰祖師爺信仰。目前泰國華人宗教更擔負起傳承中華文化，及向泰國社會推廣中華文化的角色，也為極具宗教文化特色的泰國，注入一股新的華人文化風貌。 Religious culture is a very important element in Chinese society, especially to overseas Chinese society. In Thailand, there are many descriptions of Chinese temples in the Thai Chinese society that was discovered before the implementation of the assimilation policy. The surrounding of Chinese temples will gradually form lively Chinese communities, which shows that Chinese life and their temple has a close link. In early stage Thailand took the policy of natural assimilation, but with the rise of nationalism in Thailand, the prototype of the assimilation policy gradually form its base after Rama VIs inauguration; in 1932 Thailand became the monarchy constitutional system, Rama VI's theory of exclusion of Chinese culture, began a series of full assimilation policy focus on Chinese immigrants. The process of assimilation policy is mainly on immigration, nationality, culture, education, and economic aspects, coupled with dramatic decreasing of Chinese immigrants after the implementation of the assimilation policy, in time, the native Chinese immigrant descendants assimilate into the Thai society, how to distinguish between the Chinese descendants and native Thai would be the Chinese tradition inherited from the older generation. At the time, the close relationship between Chinese religious culture and Chinese community played an important role in transformed the original pure spiritual sustenance role into local Chinese ethnic identity, cultural identity and inheritance. The aim of this thesis studies the beliefs of the more common or dialect group in the Chinese society in Thailand. The results show that there are still other unique local beliefs in addition to the Buddhist beliefs after the Chinese assimilation of the Thai society. Which in the Chinese faith of the religious celebration no only retain the early traditional Chinese culture, but integrated some of the local Thai culture; in addition, some of the Chinese religious groups developed a new religious cause internationally, so that the original birthplace in the decline or disappearance of the religion could re-flourish; such as, moral education, the Chinese Buddhism faith. At present, Chinese religion in Thailand is more responsible for the inheritance of Chinese culture, and to promote the role of Chinese culture in Thai society, also enhance Chinese element into such a religious country, Thailand.