以概念演化探討物質三態變化之教科書內容與教學對學童心智模式發展歷程之影響

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2012

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本研究綜合多重的研究資料探討學生物質三態變化之心智模式發展歷程,研究內容可分為四個不同的研究主題,據此,四個主要的研究目的分別為:(1)實施跨年級物質三態變化問卷調查,瞭解學生學習現況及檢驗物質三態變化概念演化假說樹的合適性與符合度;(2)透過相關研究文獻,建立理論的物質三態變化之心智模式及認知特徵,藉由系統發育分類學技術建構物質三態變化概念演化假說樹;(3)分析國小、國中、高中階段科學教科書之物質三態變化單元,以概念發展點探討教科書內容結構及與相關概念的銜接,建立各年級的概念教學進程表,並比較不同版本差異;(4)綜合前述三種不同的研究方法確立學生物質三態變化概念發展路徑後,在國小六年級進行「粒子本質導向之物質三態變化二階段教學」,探討不同概念內容與次序對學生學習物質三態變化的影響。 在選樣的部份,研究主題一為四到十二年級跨年級概念調查,研究者考量物質三態變化是日常生活中經常接觸到的現象,且在各年的教學活動亦會應用相關概念,因此受測者以四到十二年級逐年收集的方式收集資料(共832人);研究主題三為教科書分析,以台灣九十九學年度現行之教科書版本為主,國小階段、國中階段及高中階段共有九種不同版本;在研究主題二實驗教學研究的部份,因研究發現五年級後即超過半數學生具有部份粒子概念,因此以國小六年級四個班級(共110人)進行教學活動。 本研究之研究工具及實驗教學包含:「粒子本質暨物質三態變化問卷」、「系統分類學統計軟體(PAUP* 4.0)」、「教科書分析編碼表」、「學習歷程記錄表」、「自然科學習動機問卷」及「粒子本質導向之物質三態變化二階段教學」。「粒子本質暨物質三態變化問卷」用於跨年級概念調查及配合實驗教學之施測,主要在瞭解學生對於物質三態變化概念的理解程度;PAUP* 4.0常用於系統分類學上,主要用來判斷物種親源遠近的統計工具,本研究用以分析物質三態變化心智模式及認知特徵,透過此軟體計算出可能的概念演化樹;「教科書分析編碼表」為分析不同版本教科書相關單元之編碼工具;「學習歷程記錄表」及「自然科學習動機問卷」為教學期間及教學後收集學生對課程內容的反應,以輔助研究結果的詮釋。 「粒子本質導向之物質三態變化二階段教學」包含微觀粒子概念與物質三態變化兩部份,此教學法根據物質三態變化概念演化樹之發展路徑做為教學的組織架構,分別安排合適教學內容與次序。二階段實驗教學階段包含第一階段粒子本質教學(角色扮演)及巨觀三態物質教學(一般講述);第二階段物質三態變化教學(角色扮演組及一般講述組)兩個部份。第一階段為建立不同的先前概念做為後續教學的基礎,第二階段為採用兩種不同的教學法進行物質三態變化教學。本研究以角色扮演進行粒子運動的模擬包含三大特點:「眼罩」模擬粒子隨機運動的無方向性及無目的性;「帽子顏色(紅、黃、綠)」代表不同粒子運動速率;「魔鬼氈手套」代表不同吸引力。因國小階段並未安排微觀粒子相關的課程,因此研究者以學期末時間進行教學,教學時間為五至六堂課。 本研究之研究結果發現:(1)物質三態變化概念調查指出學生對於巨觀的概念發展早且已高比例的正確性,但在微觀的部份,大部份國中階段學生尚未建立完整的微觀粒子概念,要到高中階段才會出現高比例的科學概念;而物質三態變化概念的發展大致呈現逐年成長的狀況,但學生對於三態變化中凝結現象答對比例大於蒸發現象,顯示部份的學生仍無法以一致的科學概念解釋三態變化的物相轉變;(2)本研究之物質三態變化概念演化樹22可分為A、B、C、D區,各區出現不同的認知特徵,物質觀點中的混合觀與粒子觀分別在B區及D區出現,由相伴出現的認知特徵可看出各類心智模式對物質三態變化的不同解釋方式;(3)本研究之教科書分析結果認為粒子本質概念在國中階段的教學比重低,即使提到粒子概念也僅解釋物質的微觀結構,對於三態變化時粒子運動觀點要到高一時才有正式的教學活動,因此本研究下一階段實驗教學的主要目標增加粒子本質概念的內容,並瞭解粒子本質概念對學習物質三態變化時的影響;(4)在進行四組實驗組的實驗教學後,本研究之粒子本質教學能顯著地幫助學生學習第二階段的物質三態變化,並且即使第二階段的教學活動未使用角色扮演的方式進行,學生仍能理解物質三態變化概念,達到更好的學習成效。最後,本研究建議概念發展相關研究應採用不同的研究方式,同時進行整合的分析及實驗教學,才能具體對未來課程安排提供合適的建議。
This study adopted multiple research methods to investigate the mental model of phase transitions and developmental processes. There were three different methods and one teaching study in the study, including the cross-year survey, the construction of conceptual evolutionary tree and the analysis of current textbook in Taiwan. Two-stage teaching module was designed by integrating the results of above-mentioned three methods. Therefore, there are four purposes of research: (1) to investigate student’s conceptual development of phase transitions via the cross-year survey; (2) to construct the conceptual evolutionary tree with Phylogenetic technique; (3) to analyze the contents and sequences of phase transitions in the textbooks from primary school to high school; (4) to sum up the results to develop the teaching module and applied to primary school students. The textbook sampling was currently implemented in Taiwan. The units of textbook included (1) “Transform of Water” , “Weather” in primary school; (2) “Transform of Matter” , “Heat Effect on Matter” in junior high school; (3)”Basic Physics”, “Chemistry” , “Physics” in senior high school. The participants were chosen for cross-year conceptual survey (n=832) and teaching study (n=110). The instrumentsincluded “Questionnaire of Particle Nature and Phase Transitions (QPP)”, “Coding schema of Textbook (CST)”, “Questionnaire of motivation to learn”, ” Particle-Oriented and Two-Step Teaching Module of Phase Transitions, PTTM”. QPP was designed to investigate student’s understanding of phase transitions and applied to cross-year conceptual survey and pretest, post-test, retention test in teaching study. According to evolutionary pathways, PTTM was two-step designed. And, the first step which focused on particle nature was the conceptual background of next step. The teaching arrangement lasted five to six classes in the sixth grade. The results of this study were shown as below: (1) high percentage of primary school students held the correct macroscopic concepts of phase transitions. But even junior high school students did not construct the comprehensive concepts of particle nature until senior high school. Most of related concepts in condensation phenomena were developed earlier then in evaporation phenomena. Students cannot explain phase transition with consistent scientific principles; (2) the evolutionary tree 22 could be divided into A, B, C, D area. At B and D area, there were mixed view and particle view of matter. Because of the different view of matter, there were the specific cognitive characters and states in the pathways of evolutionary tree; (3) according to analysis of textbook, microscopic particle was taught in junior high school, but the comprehensive concepts were few until senior high school. In junior high school, the textbook content focused on the particulate structure of three states. The particle movement and attraction between particles were mentioned until senior high school; (4) according to results of four group designed experiment, PTTM significantly improve student’s learning of phase transition in primary school after two-step teaching. And, all students who accepted the teaching of particle nature in the first step could also have the same effect even though they did not be taught by role-play in the second step. Finally, this study suggested that conceptual developmental research should approach comprehensive analysis via multiple methods and teaching experiments. Then, the results would make appropriate suggestions for future curriculum.

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教科書, 心智模式, 概念演化假說樹, 物質三態變化, textbook, mental model, conceptual evolutionary tree, phase transitions

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