從競爭的角度來看中文的非局部反身代詞

Abstract

本研究在以競爭為基礎的框架之下探討漢語裡的非局部反身代名詞「自己」的使用條件。我們回顧一些目前的相關文獻,並主張現行的分析皆無法為與「自己」相關的現象,也就是次統治的約束、主語導向性、以及阻斷效應,提出滿意的解釋。我們接著以胡建華和潘海華(2002)的分析為基礎, 提出了一套方案, 並展現該方案涵蓋的語料範圍優於從前的分析。我們主張, 同時使用一些句法觀念, 像是成分統治(c-command)、包含(containment)、支配(dominance)以及路徑(path), 再輔以有生等級(animacy hierarchy), 就可以統一處理我們所關注的現象。更明確地說, 次統治的約束、主語導向性的有無,都是顯著性因素[+主語]和[+支配性, +有生]的互動結果。「把」字句和「被」字句以及心理動詞句(psych-sentence)裡的約束表現也可以由本方案處理。此外,阻斷效應的表現也支持本方案: 我們可以使用一套類似專門處理非局部先行詞的指稱的顯著性等級(prominence hierarchy)以及兩項有生等級的變體, 來解釋阻斷效應在漢語人士中的差異性, 這項差異體現在包接句裡的第三人稱主語能否阻斷主句中的第一人稱主語和「自己」同指。本研究也討論了其它的相關議題, 如阻斷效應的減弱。

The present study investigates the conditions for licensing the use of the Chinese non-local reflexive pronoun ziji in a competition-based framework. We review some current analyses in the literature and argue that none of them can tackle the phenomena associated with ziji, i.e. binding to sub-commanding NPs, subject orientation, and the blocking effect, satisfactorily. We then propose an approach primarily based on the insights of Hu and Pan (2002) and demonstrate that it achieves greater empirical coverage than previous accounts. It is shown that the syntactic notions of c-command, containment, dominance, and the path, aided by the animacy hierarchy, can provide a uniform treatment for the phenomena of our interest. More precisely, binding to sub-commanding NPs and the presence of subject orientation and the absence thereof follow from the interaction of the prominence factors [+subject] and [+dominating, +animate]. The binding behavior in the ba/bei constructions and psych-sentences is also amenable to the approach. Furthermore, the blocking effect also lends credence to the competition-based approach: a prominence hierarchy similar to the one devised for the reference resolution of non-local antecedents and two variants of the animacy hierarchy explain the idiolectal/dialectal variation concerning whether the blocking effect arises between an intervening third person NP subject and a first person matrix subject. Other issues, such as the weakening of the blocking effect, are also addressed in this work.