漢語修飾語「小」與「微」的語意：語料庫為本的行為特徵分析
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2022
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本研究探討漢語近義修飾語小與微的語意和用法。作為名詞修飾語，小與微有「微小」之義，而作為程度修飾語，小與微則代表程度「輕微」。雖然已有文獻討論小與微的修飾行為，但鮮少有人以語言學角度探討其語意及用法，目前也無人比較這兩個近義修飾語。有鑑於此，本研究旨在運用量化與質化方法，全面分析漢語近義修飾語小與微的異同。我們蒐集自2020一月至2022五月期間，PTT語料庫男女板(Boy-Girl)、食物板(Food)、女孩板(WomenTalk)中的小與微語料，加以標記，並利用標記過後的語料，進行量化語料庫方法之行為特徵分析(Behavioral Profile Approach)，藉此找出得以有效區分小與微之語意特色。此外，本研究也以語言學角度，解釋小與微的語意延伸和語用功能。研究結果顯示，作為名詞修飾語時，小與微有高度相似性，但作為程度修飾語時，小與微則有語意和用法上的差別。雖然小與微的使用會因為各看板內討論主題而有所差異，但整體來說，作為名詞修飾語時，小主要修飾「無生命(Inanimate)」及「有生命(Animate)」對象的「體積大小」、「年齡」，或以「小稱」稱之。微較常修飾「無生命」對象的「數量」或此類對象所及之「程度」。作為程度修飾語時，小與微皆有「程度輕微」之義，但小主要修飾「心智/情緒(Mind)」、「特徵/屬性(Attribute)」、「運動/動作(Motion)」類別的動詞和形容詞，微則修飾「特徵/屬性」、「改變(Change)」類別的動詞和形容詞居多。從研究結果發現，小與微的語意會隨著被修飾對象之不同物性角色(qualia role)而有所改變。此外，小與微的語意也藉由隱喻(metaphor)及類型轉換(coercion)而延伸，或於語境中被議定。當談及小與微的語用功能，小經常用來緩和由說話者內心的期待與現實對比之下產生的差異，而小與微皆用來弱化任何可能侵犯到說話者及聽者面子的行為。
This study investigates the meanings and usages of two Mandarin near-synonyms, xiǎo and wéi, which both denote ‘small’ or ‘little’ when used as prenominal modifiers and ‘sightly’ when used as degree modifiers. While previous works have provided some insights on ‘xiǎo/wéi + modifiee’ phrases, few studies thoroughly analyze the meanings and usages of xiǎo and wéi from a linguistic aspect, let alone a comparative analysis of the two near-synonyms. To bridge the gap, this study adopted a quantitative method and a qualitative method to comprehensively analyze the meanings and usages of xiǎo and wéi. We collected tokens of xiǎo and wéi phrases created between January 2020 and May 2022 in three PTT boards (i.e., Boy-Girl, Food, and WomenTalk) from PTT Corpus. Then, we analyzed the usage patterns of xiǎo and wéi from several linguistic dimensions (e.g., semantics, syntax, collocation, and pragmatics) with the help of the behavioral profile approach, and figured out the distinctive linguistic features and the preferred usages of xiǎo and wéi. Besides, we also provided theoretical explanations of the results, elucidating the mechanisms of xiǎo’s and wéi’s meaning extensions and different functions.The results show that xiǎo and wéi have a high similarity when they are used as prenominal modifiers, while they show some distinctions when used as degree modifiers. Though the meanings of xiǎo and wéi and the types of their modifiees tend to vary because of the discussion topics in different PTT boards, from an overall perspective, PN_xiǎo (i.e., prenominal xiǎo) mostly takes ‘Animate’ and ‘Inanimate’ modifiees, depicting their ‘size’ or ‘age’ or providing a ‘diminutive’ expression of the referent denoted by the modifiee. On the contrary, PN_wéi frequently modifies ‘Inanimate’ modifiees, mostly describing the ‘quantity’ of the referent denoted by the modifiee or the ‘degree’ that the referent reaches. On the other hand, though degree modifiers xiǎo and wéi (D_xiǎo and D_wéi) both denote a ‘slight degree’ sense, D_xiǎo tends to modify ‘Mind’, ‘Attribute’, and ‘Motion’ modifiees, whereas D_wéi is inclined to take modifiees of ‘Attribute’ and ‘Change’. From the results, we find that certain faucet or qualia role of the modifiees are selected by xiǎo and wéi during the modification, which leads to the different meanings of xiǎo and wéi. In addition, the meanings of xiǎo and wéi are extended through mechanisms such as metaphor and type coercion. Sometimes, xiǎo’s and wéi’s senses are negotiated in the context as well. With regards to the functions of xiǎo and wéi, D_xiǎo is often used to moderate the contrast between the speaker’s standard/expectation and the reality, and both D_xiǎo and D_wéi are employed to reduce any potential threats that may impinge on the speaker’s or the hearer’s face.
This study investigates the meanings and usages of two Mandarin near-synonyms, xiǎo and wéi, which both denote ‘small’ or ‘little’ when used as prenominal modifiers and ‘sightly’ when used as degree modifiers. While previous works have provided some insights on ‘xiǎo/wéi + modifiee’ phrases, few studies thoroughly analyze the meanings and usages of xiǎo and wéi from a linguistic aspect, let alone a comparative analysis of the two near-synonyms. To bridge the gap, this study adopted a quantitative method and a qualitative method to comprehensively analyze the meanings and usages of xiǎo and wéi. We collected tokens of xiǎo and wéi phrases created between January 2020 and May 2022 in three PTT boards (i.e., Boy-Girl, Food, and WomenTalk) from PTT Corpus. Then, we analyzed the usage patterns of xiǎo and wéi from several linguistic dimensions (e.g., semantics, syntax, collocation, and pragmatics) with the help of the behavioral profile approach, and figured out the distinctive linguistic features and the preferred usages of xiǎo and wéi. Besides, we also provided theoretical explanations of the results, elucidating the mechanisms of xiǎo’s and wéi’s meaning extensions and different functions.The results show that xiǎo and wéi have a high similarity when they are used as prenominal modifiers, while they show some distinctions when used as degree modifiers. Though the meanings of xiǎo and wéi and the types of their modifiees tend to vary because of the discussion topics in different PTT boards, from an overall perspective, PN_xiǎo (i.e., prenominal xiǎo) mostly takes ‘Animate’ and ‘Inanimate’ modifiees, depicting their ‘size’ or ‘age’ or providing a ‘diminutive’ expression of the referent denoted by the modifiee. On the contrary, PN_wéi frequently modifies ‘Inanimate’ modifiees, mostly describing the ‘quantity’ of the referent denoted by the modifiee or the ‘degree’ that the referent reaches. On the other hand, though degree modifiers xiǎo and wéi (D_xiǎo and D_wéi) both denote a ‘slight degree’ sense, D_xiǎo tends to modify ‘Mind’, ‘Attribute’, and ‘Motion’ modifiees, whereas D_wéi is inclined to take modifiees of ‘Attribute’ and ‘Change’. From the results, we find that certain faucet or qualia role of the modifiees are selected by xiǎo and wéi during the modification, which leads to the different meanings of xiǎo and wéi. In addition, the meanings of xiǎo and wéi are extended through mechanisms such as metaphor and type coercion. Sometimes, xiǎo’s and wéi’s senses are negotiated in the context as well. With regards to the functions of xiǎo and wéi, D_xiǎo is often used to moderate the contrast between the speaker’s standard/expectation and the reality, and both D_xiǎo and D_wéi are employed to reduce any potential threats that may impinge on the speaker’s or the hearer’s face.
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Keywords
小, 微, 修飾語, 行為特徵分析, 語料庫, 近義詞, 漢語, xiǎo, wéi, modifier, behavioral profile, corpus, near-synonyms, Mandarin Chinese