《碣石調‧幽蘭》的歷史變遷與音樂詮釋—以吳文光、管平湖及李祥霆之錄音為例

Abstract

《碣石調．幽蘭》是目前唯一被發現由文字記譜法保留下來的琴曲，也是當今世界上現存最古老的古琴譜。《碣石調‧幽蘭》雖是起源於中國，卻沒有在中國琴史上留下隻字片語，而是在日本流傳，現收藏於東京國立博物館。 從1884年至今，《碣石調‧幽蘭》在許多琴家、學者的努力之下，已數度以樂曲的形式呈現在世人眼前，但是學者間探討的原始版本，以及琴家們所訂定的打譜版本，以及以錄音呈現的演奏版本皆有所出入。 本研究透過文獻的整理及不同琴家的琴譜版本比較，找出符合邏輯的律制及定弦法。爾後透過分析三位琴家的《碣石調．幽蘭》減字譜，輔以《碣石調．幽蘭》原抄本的文字譜，依序分析琴家如何將文字譜轉譯成減字譜；再以三位琴家的錄音進行樂曲分析，與演奏譜相互對照，進而了解琴家如何詮釋音樂，也對琴家的打譜工作有更深入的了解。最後將學理上的文獻與實際上的演奏相互印證，進而發現了以不同律制為思考藍本而產生的問題。 依據本研究結果，對未來進行打譜工作提出二點建議：(一)《碣石調‧幽蘭》為純律定弦，訂定徽位時應使用以純律定弦所產生之徽位，切勿使用以三分損益律定弦所產生之徽位；(二)古指法名稱與今指法名稱縱有相同，也未必代表是同一指法，應將理論與實際相互結合、對照，才能產生合理的結果。Jie Shi Diao- You Lan (Solitary Orchid in Stone Tablet Mode) is regarded as the only written notation tablature and the oldest existing guqin notation in the world as well. Though Jie Shi Diao- You Lan is originated from China, it is never kept there. Instead, it is widespread in Japan and well preserved in National Tokyo Museum. Since 1884, thanks to the efforts of numerous guqinists and scholars, Jie Shi Diao- You Lan has been presented in a piece of music. However an inconsistent gap lies in the original version discussed among scholars, the notation version notated by guqinists and the recorded playing version. Based on the documentation study and the comparison between the different guqin notations from guqinists, this research aims at finding out the rational temperaments and tuning. Through the reduced notation of Jie Shi Diao- You Lan from three guqinists and plus the original manuscript of Jie Shi Diao- You Lan written notation, an analysis is conducted to study the method how guqinists transcribed from written notation to reduced notation. Additionally, the recorded musical pieces of three guqinists is studied in comparison with the playing notation in order to further understand the music interpretation of guqinists and the transcription (Dapu). To conclude the research, the theories and the practices shall refer to each other and furthermore discover the issues in the context of diverse temperaments. According to the study result, two suggestions are made for dapu study in future. 1. Jie Shi Diao- You Lan is just intonation tuning. When the stopped note is tuned by hui, it shall follow the exact position of the hui from just intonation tuning. The hui should not be tuned from Sanfen sunyi method (Thrice-divide, subtract and add temperament). 2. Though the names between ancient and modern finger techniques are similar, it does not apply to the same finger techniques. Theory and practices should be compared and combined to reach the reasonable result.