臺灣及其漢族移民原鄉之山體地名探討

Abstract

在中國傳統定耕農業經濟下，山地丘陵在生活應用的強度不及平原，由於「山」超脫出社會的經濟物質基礎，易投射出許多居民的想像。臺灣及其移民原鄉皆為多山的環境，但在討論閩、客族群地名的移植與分布上，尚未見到以山體地名詞來解釋地理現象空間分布特性的系統性研究，因此本文選擇以山體地名作為標的，透過地理學的空間傳統觀點，運用接近普查及大數據的研究概念，蒐集臺灣及其移民原鄉之相關地名志與地名錄、電子或民間地圖上的山體地名。接著透過文獻分析法、語音與構詞分析、調查訪談以及地圖繪製等方法，將地名屬性統計轉化成百分比形式，來比較族群及區域間的用詞特性，而獲得有價值的成果。研究結果顯示：山體地名不論在專名抑或是通名的構詞分析皆顯示強烈的區域與族群色彩，且地名隨著族群遷徙、互動而產生新生、消逝或融合的情況，使族群間及族群內慣用的地名詞，具有其各自的空間分布特色。而臺灣原住民族區的地名，除了晚近受華語影響外，也留有閩、客語、日語，甚至粵語的痕跡，在音譯的過程中亦融合了漢人、日人對於山體的認知意象，反映出地名與各族群互動留下的痕跡。透過此研究成果展現出：地名除了是人們對空間的情感連結，亦可讓人窺探出族群活動及區域發展的時序，因此以空間分布來建構地名意涵上，實屬空間自明性與脈絡化的過程，也展現強烈的人地互動色彩。Under the agricultural economy of traditionally sedentary cultivation in China, the intensity of life application in mountainous and hilly areas is not as strong as that in plain areas. Because “mountain” is detached from the economic and material basis of the society, it is easy to project imagination for many residents. Taiwan and its Han people’s ancestral hometowns are mountainous. However, there is not yet systematic study on the transfer and distribution of place-names of Minnan and Hakka ethnic groups to explain the spatial distribution characteristics of geographical phenomena with mountain place-names (MPN). Therefore, this study aims to research on MPN as the target, through the viewpoints of spatial tradition in geography, and use research concepts proximity census and big data. We collect MPN based on relevant gazetteers and directories, electronic maps and atlasis of Taiwan and its Han’s ancestral hometowns. By means of literature analysis, phonetic and morphological analysis, interview, and maps drawing, and then convert the statistics of place name attributes into percentage forms to compare the lexical characteristics of ethnic groups and regions, and obtain valuable research results.The finding shows that: whether in specific name or in generic name of MPN, all show strong characteristic of regions and ethnic groups. With the migration and interaction of ethnic groups, geographical names are rebuilded, disappeared, or merged, which makes the common toponym words among ethnic groups and within ethnic groups have their own spatial distribution characteristics. In addition, the place-names in aboriginal areas of Taiwan are not only influenced by Chinese in recent times, but also have traces of Minnan, Hakka, Japanese and even Cantonese. In the process of transliteration, they were also integrated the cognitive images of the mountains of the Han and Japanese, reflecting the traces left by the interaction of place-names and ethnic groups.The result fully shows that place-names are not only the emotional connection of people to space, but also the time sequence of ethnic groups’ activities and regional development. Therefore, the construction of the meaning of place-names based on spatial distribution is a process of spatial identity and contextualization, which also shows the strong features of man-land relationship.