桑塔亞那（G. Santayana）的美學思想及其在教育美學上之蘊義

Abstract

本研究旨在探討美國哲學家George Santayana的美學思想及其在教育美學上之價值，透過詮釋學與分析哲學之方法，先瞭解其生平、所處的時代脈絡、概覽整體思想背景及重要性。其次，觸及其美學思想層面，討論其濃厚自然主義氣息的美學思想，及承繼並修正Kant的美學思想；初步瞭解其美學思想後，簡要介紹其主要美學著作《美感》（The Sense of Beauty）一書的內涵，以為第四章論美感之基礎；並簡要說明其前後其審美觀點之轉變。 進而，深入其美學思想核心，分為兩部分探究：其一為論美感，依序討論Santayana對美的性質、素材、形式及表現之看法，並介紹其對遊戲的獨特觀點；其二為論藝術的內涵與品味，分為藝術的內涵、類型與美感品味之形成三面向作研討，得知Santayana的美學思想重視感官、聯想、理性之運作，及各種藝術類型之適切呈現，此將有助於形塑審美經驗及品味之培育。 綜合前述研究，本研究提出Santayana的美學思想於教育美學上之三點啓發，以作為臺灣美育發展之參考。 一、教育的本質及目的的美感面向：教育是場充滿意外的冒險；教育兼含創造與破壞面向；教育過程需要理性與感性相輔相成；教育即愛的展現；其目的為追求自然理性的快樂，並使人成為他自己。 二、教師即詩人的美感角色：教師須成為喜愛旅行、化腐朽為神奇、重視感官經驗、從生活中培養浪漫情懷、擁有豐富知識、能持續拓展自身視野且不斷提升自身心靈等多種詩人形象。 三、學生美感經驗的塑造：藉由喚醒學生使用感官知覺、激發學生聯想能力、適切呈現音樂、圖像、神話、故事、詩、遊戲等素材以塑造其美感經驗。

This thesis explores American philosopher George Santayana's thinking on Aesthetics and its Significance in the aesthetics of education. The hermeneutics and analytic philosophy method was used to analyze the background of George Santayana and the significance of his attribution on the aesthetics of education. Second, this thesis discusses George Santayana’s naturalistic aesthetic ideas, which inherited and corrected Kant's aesthetic thought. Then George Santayana’s main aesthetic writing “The Sense of Beauty” was introduced as the basis to illustrate the changes of his aesthetic views from the earlier to the later time. The core of George Santayana’s aesthetic ideas can be divided into two parts: One is the beauty. This part discusses his views on the nature, material, form and expression of beauty, and introduces his unique perspective on play. The other is the different aspects of the meaning of art and taste, including the art of content and type, and the cultivation of aesthetic taste. In sum, George Santayana’s aesthetic ideas emphasize on the operation of senses, imagination and reason, and a variety of art types. These findings can be use to promote people’s aesthetic experience and taste. In order to establish aesthetics education in Taiwan, there are three key findings can be used: 1.Education is an unexpected adventure, which includes the dimensions of creation and destruction. The educational process employs sense and sensibility as an expression of love. The aim of education is the pursuit of natural and reasonable happiness, and leads people to be themselves in the end. 2.Teachers should be poets. They must love to travel, turn stones into gold, focus on sensory experiences, cultivate romantic character in life, own a wealth of knowledge, continue to broaden their own horizons and elevate their minds. 3.Teachers must evoke students’ sensory perception, stimulate students' imagination, and cultivate their aesthetic experiences via adequately utilizing a variety of materials, such as music, images, myths, stories, poems, and plays.