漢語手部動作動詞「打」的詞義、搭配詞和語言使用偏向研究
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2022
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華語手部動作動詞種類多元，且多出現在初級詞表中。本研究透過中央研究院「現代漢語語料庫詞頻統計」系統確認「打」為手部動作動詞中使用頻率較高的詞語。且「打」擁有豐富的詞義，同時具有具體義、延伸義及隱喻義。因此，「打」以多元性的詞義體現於日常使用中，以至於華語學習者尚未熟悉使用方法前，容易產生錯誤。本研究以教育部國語辭典釋義為主，｢中文詞彙網路」（Chinese Wordnet）為輔，查找「打」的詞義，依照其基本義、延伸義及隱喻義區分成三大類。分析結果顯示，「打」的基本義為「擊、敲擊」，所延伸出的詞義可分為10小類；隱喻義則有12小類。延伸義與基本義較為相近且具體，而隱喻義詞義較為抽象，且詞義遠離基本義，並察覺「打」語義發展從具體詞義漸漸地往較抽象詞義發展。本研究將藉由原型理論（Rosch, 1978; Taylor, 2003）及隱喻概念（Lakoff& Johnson 1980, 2003）為理論基礎，探討「打」詞義間的關聯，建構出一個輻射式的語義網路。此外，本研究亦嘗試以「打」的詞義類型探究其搭配詞的特性，研究結果顯示，延伸義後接搭配詞大多為具體人與物為主；而隱喻義大多為與事件相關的抽象事物。
最後，為了證實「打」在實際語言環境的真實現象，本研究實行問卷調查，招募了30位母語受試者及30位華語學習者受試者，並與語料分布進行對比。結果顯示，在單一詞義的詞語測試結果顯示，母語受試者的答題情況較華語學習者受試者表現佳，說明華語學習者受試者對於「打」的詞義尚未完全掌握前，較難判斷出正確的詞義。而具歧義的詞語測試結果不論問卷分析或是語料分布皆呈現一致的結果，但華語學習者受試者的答題情形比母語受試者更為貼近語料分布。
There are many types of Chinese hand action verbs, and they mostly appear in the elementary vocabulary. In this study, the Academia Sinica's " Word List with Accumulated Word Frequency in Sinica Corpus" system confirmed that "dǎ " is a frequently used word in hand action verbs. Moreover, "dǎ " has a rich meaning of words, as well as concrete, extended and metaphorical meanings. Therefore, "dǎ " is embodied in daily use with multiple meanings, so that Chinese learners are prone to make mistakes before they are familiar with the method of use. This research is based on the interpretation of the Mandarin Chinese Dictionary, supplemented by the Chinese Wordnet. The search for the meaning of the word"dǎ " is divided into three categories according to its basic meaning, extended meaning, and metaphorical meaning. The analysis results show that the basic meaning of "dǎ " is strike and percussion, the extended meaning of the word can be divided into 10 sub-categories; the metaphorical meaning has 12 sub-categories. The extended meaning is relatively similar and specific to the basic meaning, while the metaphorical meaning of the word is more abstract, and the meaning of the word is far away from the basic meaning, and the development of the meaning of"dǎ " is gradually developing from the concrete meaning to the more abstract meaning. This research will use prototype theory (Rosch, 1978; Taylor, 2003) and metaphorical concepts (Lakoff & Johnson 1980, 2003) as the theoretical basis to explore the relationship between the meanings of "dǎ " and construct a radial semantic network. In addition, this research also tries to explore the characteristics of collocation words with the word meaning type of "dǎ ". The research results show that most collocation words followed by extended meanings are mainly concrete people and things; while metaphorical meanings are mostly abstract things related to events.Finally, in order to confirm the real phenomenon of"dǎ " in the actual language environment, this study conducted a questionnaire survey, recruited 30 native-speaking subjects and 30 Chinese learning subjects, and compared them with the corpus distribution. The results show that the test results of the single word meaning show that the answer of the native language subjects is better than that of the Chinese learning subjects, indicating that the Chinese learning subjects had difficulty in judging the correct word meanings before they had fullygrasped the meaning of the word"dǎ ". The test results of ambiguous words showed consistent results regardless of the questionnaire analysis or the corpus distribution, but the answering situation of the Chinese learning subjects was closer to the corpus distribution than the native language subjects.
There are many types of Chinese hand action verbs, and they mostly appear in the elementary vocabulary. In this study, the Academia Sinica's " Word List with Accumulated Word Frequency in Sinica Corpus" system confirmed that "dǎ " is a frequently used word in hand action verbs. Moreover, "dǎ " has a rich meaning of words, as well as concrete, extended and metaphorical meanings. Therefore, "dǎ " is embodied in daily use with multiple meanings, so that Chinese learners are prone to make mistakes before they are familiar with the method of use. This research is based on the interpretation of the Mandarin Chinese Dictionary, supplemented by the Chinese Wordnet. The search for the meaning of the word"dǎ " is divided into three categories according to its basic meaning, extended meaning, and metaphorical meaning. The analysis results show that the basic meaning of "dǎ " is strike and percussion, the extended meaning of the word can be divided into 10 sub-categories; the metaphorical meaning has 12 sub-categories. The extended meaning is relatively similar and specific to the basic meaning, while the metaphorical meaning of the word is more abstract, and the meaning of the word is far away from the basic meaning, and the development of the meaning of"dǎ " is gradually developing from the concrete meaning to the more abstract meaning. This research will use prototype theory (Rosch, 1978; Taylor, 2003) and metaphorical concepts (Lakoff & Johnson 1980, 2003) as the theoretical basis to explore the relationship between the meanings of "dǎ " and construct a radial semantic network. In addition, this research also tries to explore the characteristics of collocation words with the word meaning type of "dǎ ". The research results show that most collocation words followed by extended meanings are mainly concrete people and things; while metaphorical meanings are mostly abstract things related to events.Finally, in order to confirm the real phenomenon of"dǎ " in the actual language environment, this study conducted a questionnaire survey, recruited 30 native-speaking subjects and 30 Chinese learning subjects, and compared them with the corpus distribution. The results show that the test results of the single word meaning show that the answer of the native language subjects is better than that of the Chinese learning subjects, indicating that the Chinese learning subjects had difficulty in judging the correct word meanings before they had fullygrasped the meaning of the word"dǎ ". The test results of ambiguous words showed consistent results regardless of the questionnaire analysis or the corpus distribution, but the answering situation of the Chinese learning subjects was closer to the corpus distribution than the native language subjects.
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Keywords
一詞多義, 打, 詞義, 搭配詞, 語言使用偏向, polysemy, dǎ, meanings, collocation words, language bias