一個以語料庫為本對現代漢語中反義詞共現現象之研究

Abstract

本論文採用以語料庫為本的研究方法，探討現代漢語中反義詞共現之現象。本研究一共選擇了二十五組反義詞，從中文詞彙特性素描系統(Chinese Word Sketch Engine)中選取三千六百零五個句子作為檢測語料。本研究的分析採用Jones (2002)針對反義詞共現之篇章功能所提出的理論架構。 在中文裡，我們發現十三個反義詞共現的篇章功能。其中，對等反義詞(Coordinated Antonymy)與輔助反義詞(Ancillary Antonymy)是最常見的功能。除此之外，本研究發現中文反義詞的篇章功能分佈會受到以下因素的影響：傳統上反義詞分類的類型、詞類、現代化程度、詞素音節結構。本研究更進一步發現，反義詞共現篇章結構之跨語言差異，可歸因於各個語言獨特的語法特徵。 本論文也發現，中文裡每種反義詞共現的篇章功能，皆有其典型的詞彙語法框架。這些不斷出現的構式可能會增強反義詞之間的連結。我們又發現當中文反義詞共現時，會偏向特定的詞序。在中文裡，影響反義詞共現詞序的因素包括正面性與詞頻。當篇章中的觀點轉變時，另一種共現詞序可能會出現。 本論文探討現代漢語中反義詞共現之現象，為Jones (2002)針對反義詞篇章功能所提出的理論架構提供跨語言的支持，也觸及中文反義詞共現現象所反映出的認知機制。本篇是一針對傳統上屬於語義學的反義詞現象，以語料庫及篇章分析的角度所做的研究，彰顯出反義詞之間的橫列(syntagmatic)關係。我們建議未來關於反義詞的研究可採用跨語料庫、跨語言的研究方法，探討反義詞此一語內現象，與各語言獨特的語法特徵及各項語外因素之互動。

The thesis adopts a corpus-based approach to investigating how antonym co-occurrences in Mandarin Chinese function in text. In total, 25 antonymous pairs are selected for analysis, and 3,605 sentences are sampled from the Chinese Word Sketch Engine. The analysis is mainly based on Jones' (2002) functional framework. In Mandarin Chinese, thirteen textual functions of antonym co-occurrences are identified. Coordinated Antonymy and Ancillary Antonymy are the most dominant functions. In addition, it is found that the functional distribution of antonyms in Mandarin Chinese may be influenced by their traditional category of semantic oppositeness, grammatical category, extent of modernization, and morpho-syllabic structure. Moreover, cross-linguistic discrepancies in how antonyms function in text are attributed to language-specific structural properties. Furthermore, the thesis identifies the typical lexico-syntactic frames that are associated with the textual functions of antonymy in Mandarin Chinese. The recurrent linguistic formulas may enhance the pairing between antonyms. In addition, antonyms in Mandarin Chinese are also found to prefer a particular sequencing in text. In Mandarin Chinese, factors that affect antonym sequencing include positivity and frequency. However, the reverse sequencing order shows up when perspective shifts take place in text. The thesis on antonym co-occurrences in Mandarin Chinese lends cross-linguistic support to Jones' (2002) functional framework and touches on the cognitive facet of antonymy in Mandarin Chinese. The thesis illustrates an attempt to treat antonymy, a traditionally semantic issue, from the corpus and discourse analysis perspective, focusing on the syntagmatic aspect of antonymy. It is suggested that further research on antonymy should take a multi-corpus, cross-linguistic approach to examine how such a language-internal phenomenon interacts with language-specific structural properties and language-external factors.