從修辭學分析豐子愷教育類漫畫之表現手法

Abstract

豐子愷（1898-1975）是中國近代著名的漫畫家，在諷刺漫畫為主要風潮的清末民初統一了「漫畫」一詞在中國的用法（畢克官，1986：76）。如今漫畫是一種雅俗共賞的媒介，除了有娛樂性也具有宣傳的效力，具有通俗的特性。「漫畫」能傳達大量的意義，且傳達為其主要功能，修辭學自可應用於漫畫中。因此本研究從修辭學角度探討豐子愷在教育類漫畫創作上的精神及表現手法，歸納出其創作的特徵。本文試以修辭學中辭格的分類方式結合豐子愷的漫畫六法，從豐子愷教育類漫畫的「內容創作」及「形式表現」兩種手法分析，歸納豐子愷創作漫畫的慣用手法。研究結果顯示，豐子愷主要受到李叔同、夏丏尊、竹久夢二的影響，發展出一套屬於自己的「抒情漫畫」風格，他將傳統的「修辭學」與「文人特色」帶入漫畫中，使漫畫本來的單一性發展為多元化特色，漫畫不再只是單純的政治手段或宣傳工具，而是能帶給大眾歡樂的小品文化。在創作手法特徵上，豐子愷在「內容創作」手法多以寫實方式做創作；在「形式表現」手法上擅長使用譬喻法、映襯法與倒反法來表達概念；整體而言，豐子愷擅長以點睛法為作品命名，點出作品要意。另外圖像案例分析之結果顯示，當時的教育有學生模組化、打壓式教育、升學至上、重財不重才等問題，而這些問題仍存在於當今的教育環境中，依然值得現代人引以為鑒。簡言之，豐子愷創作的靈感源自寫實觀察，繪成日常生活的畫面，再以簡單的修辭技巧包裝內容，用淺顯易懂的方式點到為止，且點睛法的題詞更是其創作的靈魂，點出當時教育的特定問題。透過本研究歸納分析之結果可知，豐子愷漫畫意涵深遠卻又老嫗能解，能引起觀者共鳴，其獨特的表現手法確實是功不可沒的推手，是值得後人效仿琢磨的一方典範。

Feng Zikai（1898-1975）is a well-known comic artist of modern China, who consolidated the term “Comic” back in late Qin and early Republic, i.e. China（Bi Keguan，1986：76）. Today’s comicsare popular entertainment, which are very common and can be used for dissemination. As comic can spread ideas and communicate, rhetoric would also be applicable for comic. Hence, this research is to analys the spirit and expressive methods of Feng Zikai’s educational comics, from the perspective of Rhetoric, and summarizes the characteristics of his works. This research categorised Feng Zikai's expressional strategies in his educational comics from both dimensions of content and form, via rhetoric and Feng’s “six ways of comics”. The research shows that Feng Zikai was inspired by Li Shutong, Xia Mianzun and Yumeji Takehisa, then developed a literati comic style. Feng also applied traditional rhetoric and lietati, giving his works diversity. Comics, which were merely serving propaganda purpose, turned to an art form that entertains and widely appreciated. From the dimension of content strategies, Feng mainly adopted realistic contents; as for expressional form, Feng preferred to adopted metonymy, reflective method, and reversed method to express the concepts; generally, Feng was good at using the finishing touch method as giving the title of the work to pint out the essence of it. Also, the result of image cases analysis shows that there were issues of education, such as students are modularized, facing overly high pressure, emphasis of credentialsm and wealth matters more than talent. These issues still live today and we can draw lessons from it. Feng Zikai got his ideas through observations from day to day, and paints realistically, then uses simple visual rhetorics to express the content, finishes it in the simple and easy-to-understand ways. He usually names the work with critical words to focus and light up the spirit of them. With the conclusion of this article, Feng Zikai’s works are easy to understand whist having profound implies, also are pitched to resonate of the readers. It’s his distinguish expressional methods that leads to his outstanding style, which is worthy of studying and learning.