華語反話策略及性別因素之語用分析與教學建議

Abstract

在臺灣日常生活中，無論是家庭對話、職場溝通，或是電視劇的情節中，處處可見反話的語言表達方式。反話策略是指以與真實意義相反的語句進行表達，作為一種間接表達的語言形式，具有情緒調節與關係經營等功能。儘管過去已有研究關注其語用效果與文化意涵，但對於反話在自然語境中如何實際運作，以及不同性別在策略選擇上的差異，仍少有系統性分析。為深入理解其特性，本研究以六部Netflix中的臺灣電視劇作為語料來源，以劇中真實語境蒐集具反話語用特徵之對話，探討華語母語者在使用反話時所展現的語用策略及其性別差異，本研究依據前人觀察，將反話策略區分為十種主策略與五種次策略，並以此分類架構進行語料分析。本研究擷取劇中角色間具反話特徵之自然對話，透過標記與分類分析，歸納說話者所採用的策略類型與語言形式。研究結果發現，幽默策略是最常見的反話主策略，說話者常透過詼諧的反面語句傳達真正意圖，引導聽話者思考話語背後的真正含義；在次策略方面，以常規陳述句最為常見，人們傾向使用平實語句說反話。至於性別變項結果，男性偏好使用幽默、諷刺和親切策略，女性則常使用譴責、諷刺與暗示次策略。其中，諷刺策略為男女皆常使用的通用策略，其餘策略則呈現出性別上的偏好差異，無論採用何種策略，反話的理解皆高度依賴語境，唯有說話者與聽話者共享相同語境，聽話者才能從表面相反的語句中理解其真實意圖。本文綜合以上研究發現，設計反話的教學材料和教學流程建議，引導學習者理解並運用各類反話語用策略，教學活動著重語境判讀、選用策略與口語表達訓練，幫助學習者在真實情境中正確理解語意，同時提升聽說表達，使其能更自在的應對華語情境中的日常交流。

Irony is common in Taiwanese daily life, appearing in family talk, workplace communication, and TV dramas. Irony means saying something that is opposite to what you really mean. It not only helps regulate emotions and maintain relationships, but also plays a vital role in real-world communication through various pragmatic functions. Although previous studies have explored the pragmatic effects and cultural aspects of irony, few have systematically examined how irony operates in natural contexts or how gender influences strategy selection. This study analyzes naturally occurring ironic expressions from six Taiwanese Netflix dramas to explore the pragmatic strategies used by Mandarin native speakers, focusing on gender differences. Based on previous studies, irony is categorized into ten primary and five secondary strategies as the analytical framework.This study collects naturally occurring ironic exchanges between characters and analyzes them through annotation and classification to identify the types of strategies and language forms used by speakers. The findings show that humor is the most common primary strategy, with speakers using playful language to imply their true intent. Among secondary strategies, regular declaratives are most frequent, reflecting a tendency to deliver irony through seemingly neutral expressions. In terms of gender, men tend to use humor, sarcasm, and affiliation, while women more often employ criticism, sarcasm, and implicit suggestions. Among these strategies, sarcasm is commonly used by both men and women, while other strategies reveal clear gender-based preferences. Successful interpretation of irony heavily relies on shared context between speaker and listener.Based on the findings, this study proposes instructional materials and teaching procedures for irony in Mandarin, aiming to guide learners in understanding and applying various pragmatic strategies. Teaching activities focus on context interpretation, strategy selection, and oral expression, helping learners accurately grasp intended meanings in real-life interactions. The goal is to enhance learners’ interpretive competence in real-life contexts and strengthen their listening and speaking abilities, so they can respond more naturally and appropriately in everyday communication within Mandarin-speaking environments.