華語二語學習者的記憶回想：漢字圈和非漢字圈人士之比較

Abstract

關於記憶回想的過往文獻主要著重於情緒、親子共同回憶等主題，而並未著墨於跨文化之於二語學習者在記憶回想表現的影響。因此，本研究旨在探討「華語作為第二外語學習者」在文化意識以及記憶回想方面的表現。四十八位受試者參與本次語言實驗，依其第一語言背景劃分為三組：漢字圈中文學習者、非漢字圈中文學習者，以及扮演控制組的母語者；每一組包含十六位受試者。受試者根據指示完成兩階段的實驗，包含問卷調查，以及記憶回想訪談。問卷調查藉由三十六組東方及西方詞彙所組成的題目，探討受試者對於漢人文化的理解。記憶回想訪談則是採用十二組東西方提示詞喚起受試者的回憶。研究結果顯示，其一，關於記憶回想的事件年齡，當實驗未指定回想的年齡階段時，受試者回想出的事件背景時間大同小異。普遍而言，受試者回想的記憶皆來自參與實驗的三到五年前。其二，無論提示詞是否與自身文化相關，受試者個人的文化意識無法直接套用於個人回憶的回想。其三，於記憶回想的敘述中，相比起論元符記（Argument token），受試者更傾向於使用附加語符記（Adjunct token） ，且普遍而言更多使用how-符記及what-符記。此外，漢字圈中文學習者相比起非漢字圈中文學習者採取較保守的敘述方式，且後者較傾向於在記憶回想的敘述中提供豐富的細節。Past literature on memory research concentrated primarily on the subjects of emotions and parent-child memory sharing but have yet to account for the cross-cultural effects on L2 learners’ performance on memory-recall. Therefore, it is the focus of the present study to identify the role of Mandarin as L2 in the aspects of culture awareness and memory-recall. A total of 48 participants were recruited, and they were further grouped into the the Sinosphere group and the Non-Sinosphere group, each consisting of 16 participants. In addition, 16 L1 Mandarin speakers from Taiwan served as the control group. They were asked to complete a two-phase experiment involving a survey and memory recall task. The survey was designed to investigate the participants’ knowledge of the Han culture based on 36 Oriental and Occidental test items, and the recall task was employed to elicit the participants’ memories based on 12 Oriental and Occidental cue words.The results are as follows: First, regarding recall age at event, it was found an unspecified setting of a reference period resulted in a generalized recall performance. Universally, the participants withdrew memories from the recent three to five years to the time when the recall task was conducted. Second, one’s cultural awareness might not be directly adopted to his or her production of self-experienced memories, regardless of the cultural proximity of the cue word. Third, the participants were found to favor Adjunct tokens over Argument tokens across groups in their memory recall, and to generate mostly how- and what-tokens. There was a slight difference between the Sinosphere group and the non-Sinosphere group in that the former tended to adopt a more conservative approach, while the latter group tended to provide extensive details during memory recollection.