以混合多評準決策模式建構網通產品製造商回流或境外生產之選址評估模式

Abstract

摘要 在全球化的時代，企業運用世界各地的人才、技術與其他資源來以維繫甚至提昇競爭優勢。因此，大多數國際企業（尤其是資訊科技製造商）均持續積極探索最適合的國內外地點製造、銷售、行銷、研發、導入當地人力並執行適當的全球財務策略，以求獲利最大化。唯資訊科技產品海外生產活動存在眾多問題。工程之全球分工增加設計協調與物流的複雜度，部分區域因缺乏 設計、生產流程、品質管理系統等深度知識，使企業產品品質低落。另，近年來開發中國家之工資持續調昇，因此，部分企業公司開始考慮生產活動回流母國營運。雖然上述議題非常重要，但鮮有相關研究。為了解決此問題，本研究致力定義一混合多準則決策模式。本研究要先導入主成分分析將各準則歸入適當構面，其次，本研究利用決策試驗實驗評估法 (Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory, DEMATEL)訂定準則與構面間之影響關係。再透過決策實驗式網路流程分析（DEMATEL base Network Process, DNP）推導對應於準則與構面的權重，並使用VIKOR方法評估個可行方案後，使用約略集合理論(Rough Set Theory, RST)找出選擇最佳生產地點之決策規則。本研究將透過位於台灣之全球主要網通產品(路由器)製造商於全球選址問題之實證研究評估分析架構之可行性，實證研究將評估台灣與主要新興國家含巴西、俄羅斯、印度、中國(Brazil, China, Russia, India, BRIC)，本研究提出之分析架構將可作為全球化企業評估最佳生產位址之用，本研究結果亦可作為網通產品製造商訂定全球營運策略的基礎。 本研究結果顯示，最受到網通產品製造商青睞的國家依序為台灣、中國和巴西。這也就說明了，對網通產品製造商(尤其是台灣的廠商)而言，回流到台灣為最佳策略，而在中國或巴西生產則為次佳的決策。

關鍵字:全球化、境外生產、回流、多準則決策、決策試驗與實驗評估法、決策實驗室網路流程分析、主成份分析方法、VIKOR、約略集合理論。Abstract In the era of globalization, firms started to tapping into global pools of talent, technologies and other resources to sustain or even enhance the competences and thus, competitiveness. Therefore, the majority of international companies in general, and information technology manufacturers in special, are aggressively and continuously explore to the most appropriate site for optimize the business operations, no matter from aspects of manufacturing, sales and marketing, human resources management, research and development, as well as finance management. However, offshoring of IT products have several problems. Globalized the engineering functions increase the complexity of design coordination and logistics. Further, moving design and production activities into regions with less knowledge depth regarding design, manufacturing processes, quality management system, etc. always affects a firm’s capability ability to produce reliable products. Further, due to the rising labor costs of developing countries, firms are considering re-shoring to move manufacturing back to the country of its parent company. Albeit the above mentioned issues are very important, very few researches are available. To resolve this issue, the author aims to define a hybrid multiple criteria decision making framework. Therefore, the principle component analysis (PCA) will first be introduced to classify the criteria into corresponding perspective. The influence relationship between criteria will be derived by using the Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL). The DEMATEL base Network Process (DNP) will be introduced to derive the weight being associated with each criterion. An empirical study based on the world’s leading Taiwanese networking router product manufacturers’ globalization site selection problems will be used for evaluating the feasibility of the proposed analytic framework. Finally, the competence of Taiwan and the major emerging economies, Brazil, China, Russia, India (BRIC) will be evaluated by using the VIKOR method. Then, based on the result of VIKOR, the Rough Set Theory (RST) will be introduced for deriving the decision rules being corresponding to the decision variables for the optimal manufacturing site. The proposed analytic framework can be used for evaluating the best place to locate the manufacturing facilities of a globalized firm. The analytic results can also serve as the basis for the networking product manufacturers’ globalization strategy. The result of this research shows that the top three attractive candidate countries in order are Taiwan, China and Brazil which means that decision makers, who work in network product manufacturers, now prefer to re-shore to Taiwan, or still off-shoring to China or Brazil.

Keywords: Globalization, Offshoring, Re-Shoring, Multiple Criteria Decision Making. Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL), DEMATEL base Network Process (DNP), Vlsekriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR), Rough Set Theory (RST).