侵入性液體：以伯蘭·史杜克之作《德古拉》看維多利亞時期令人惴惴不安的醫學發展

Abstract

伯蘭·史杜克在 1897 年所出版的小說《德古拉》引起了許多當時維多利亞後期，以及當今學術界對於身體界線議題的討論。出版在正當醫學革命性發展的維多利亞時代，該小說展現了許多吸血和侵入身體的衝擊意象。各項在維多利亞時期出現的醫學發明常態化了外科手術和人體解剖，進而使維多利亞時期的社會經歷了一場外科手術和醫學實驗的驟變。一種集體對於醫學發展的不安隨之在社會和文化中逐漸形成。 本論文探討德古拉與醫學論述之間的相互關係，以及他們所帶來的焦慮不安。第 一章以德古拉的人類面爲重點，探討能作為證據將德古拉與貴族醫師還有中產階級解 剖學家聯繫起來的歷史事實。第二章則討論德古拉那源於他擁有的流動性的非人類魔 法力量，以及其所帶來的各種不安。而這些不安也與維多利亞時期的社會液體和醫學 液體帶來的文化不安有關。這兩個章節透過德古拉探討兩個議題：第一，德古拉化身 的貴族醫師和中產階級解剖學家所造成的不安和身體界線紊亂；第二，比較德古拉侵 入性的液體操縱與醫學液體的入侵。最後，結論將討論德古拉如何回歸並以新冠肺炎 病毒為他的新樣貌，帶給現今社會一種嶄新，但同時又非常相似於維多利亞時期所經 歷過的那種不安。Bram Stoker's 1897 novel Dracula has raised many issues about body boundaries both in late Victorian society and in contemporary scholarship. Demonstrating the shocking imagery of bodily penetration and blood sucking, the novel was published during the Victorian period, an era when medicine revolutionarily advanced. The medical inventions that came out during the Victorian period normalized surgical operations and dissection experiments, leading Victorian society to experience a sudden transition of surgical operations and medical experiments. Gradually, a collective social and cultural anxiety over medical advancements was formed.This thesis excavates the interrelationship between Dracula and the medical discourses, and what anxieties are brought by them. Chapter One of this thesis focuses on Dracula's human side and examines the historical facts as hard evidence to connect Dracula with aristocratic physicians and middle-class anatomists. Chapter Two carries the examination of the different anxieties that are brought by Dracula's magical, nonhuman powers, which originate from his fluidity. These powers are connected to the cultural anxieties brought by social fluids and medical fluids during the Victorian period. Using Dracula as the focus, these two chapters aim to explore two issues: first, the anxiety and disrupted body boundaries caused by Dracula's representation as an aristocratic physician and a middle-class anatomist; second, the penetration of Dracula's manipulating fluids compares with the invasion of the medical fluids. Ultimately, the conclusion discusses the how Dracula returns and brings the new anxiety, which is very similar with the Victorian anxiety, to the contemporary society in the new form of COVID-19.