有機蔬菜產業發展限制與社會資本的關係－以彰化縣為例

Abstract

台灣有機農業發展至今已逾二十年，且近年來亦是台灣農業發展的重要施政計畫之ㄧ，但目前台灣有機作物種植的面積仍相當有限。因此，本研究選擇彰化地區有機蔬菜產業為研究個案，研究觀點則基於農村社會網絡的基礎上，以一般蔬菜產業作為對照，利用「農業糧食供應鏈」與「社會資本」的概念，了解有機農民與一般農民從生產到銷售的過程中。其社會資本運作，包括：網絡合作、信任關係與互惠關係，三面向如何影響其社會網絡的建構。經由產銷結構與其社會資本的運作的整理，以了解現今一般農業與有機農業所呈現出的社會空間特色，並比較兩者間的產銷結構、社會資本運作差異，從中探究限制彰化地區有機蔬菜產業發展的因素。

研究結果發現，限制彰化地區有機蔬菜發展的因素為：1、在生產結構上，有機農民須支付較多的費用高，資材使用的限制程度大，需要較專業的知識內容且對投入農民條件的要求高；2、在銷售結構上，有機產業整體市場小，且農民之間的競爭性大，銷售地點分散，交通的運輸與運費的負擔造成有機農民的不便。3、在生產的社會資本運作上，有機農業的知識型態較內隱性，且注重同業間學習與知識的分享，故要透過開放性的生產網絡的連結，以協助有機農民解決田間管理上所面臨的問題，但新加入的農民相對可擁有的資源較少，對其發展較不利；4、在銷售的社會資本運作上，有機蔬菜的市場需求量少，且其銷售網絡型態較封閉，新近加入的農民或作物供應量不穩定者，容易被排除於網絡之外。因此，不論在生產或銷售的社會空間上，有機農民所須聯繫的社會空間範圍皆大於一般農民。The organic agriculture in Taiwan has been developed over twenty years. Nowadays it is one of the important measures on agrarianism, but the area of the organic cultivated lands is still restricted. Therefore, this research tries to take the organic vegetables industry in Changhua as a case study. The viewpoint is based on the network of rural society and contrasted with the conventional agriculture industry. We try to understand the operation of the social capital in comparing with organic and conventional farmers by the concept of the “agro-food supply chain” and the “social capital theories” through the production and marketing in three aspects: network cooperation, trust, and benefit relationship which construct the society network. Consequently, we manage the structure of the production and marking and the operation of the social capital to assert the social spatial characteristics then in order to explain the limit reasons of the organic vegetables industry development in Changhua. We compare with the difference between the structure of the production and marking and the operation of the social capital.

The results of the limit reasons of the organic vegetables industry development in Changhua shows that:（1）On the structure of the production, the organic farmers are used to pay higher expenses, more limit in farming implements, more professional agriculture knowledge and higher identification of farmer’s condition.（2）On the structure of the marketing, the market of the organic industry is small, the competition among farmers is strong, the markets is dispersed, the traffic cost and the transportation are heavy.（3）On the operation of the social capital production, the knowledge of organic agriculture is tacit, attached important of knowledge exchange. But, the newcome farmers have less human resources to contraction.（4）On the operation of the social capital marketing, the demand of the organic vegetables is short, the type of the marketing network is closed; the newcome or unstable supplied farmers are easily excluded from the network. Hence, either on the social space of production or marketing, the organic farmers contact with wider space than the conventional farmers.