宋代景德鎮青白瓷研究--以湖田窯為中心

Abstract

中文摘要

宋代是中國陶瓷業發展繁盛時代，而陶瓷史家們用多種瓷窯體系的形成來概括宋代瓷業發展的面貌，根據各窯產品工藝、釉色、造型與紋飾的同異，瓷窯體系的區分為窯系有六：北方地區的定窯系、耀州窯系、鈞窯系、磁州窯系，以及南方地區的龍泉窯系、景德鎮的青白瓷窯系。 宋代青白瓷主要以江西景德鎮窯為代表，釉色介於青、白二色之間，青中有白，白中顯青，因此稱為青白瓷，歷來文獻有影青、南定等說法。過去研究對青白瓷的窯口與燒造年代有過不少討論，在中國南方地區，青白瓷異於北方白瓷的釉色表現與廣佈眾多地區的燒造窯址，說明當時廣泛使用與影響，窯址調查與紀年墓葬考古資料的發現讓青白瓷研究有一較明顯輪廓，但如青白瓷別名由來、創燒產生原因、年代、釉色表現、燒造技術、具區域特色的器型與裝飾風格等，本論文嘗試做進一步釐清與討論。 儘管青白瓷燒造地區眾多，傳世品與出土物廣佈各地，考古資料龐雜與不易取得，筆者未能親身參與的限制，筆者祈以中國江西省景德鎮湖田窯為中心，檢視青白瓷作品的編年、分類，從窯址調查與墓葬考古資料，窯爐裝燒工藝技術、釉藥成色的科學檢驗、作品的風格表現等，追溯當時社會生活與經濟活動等歷史面貌，另從胎釉檢驗、金銀器與玻璃器工藝的關連性、作品風格及用途等各方面來探究青白瓷生產的特色，透過其他地區的生產比較，了解當時景德鎮作為青白瓷窯系中心所造成影響的模式為何，並期能重新檢討目前青白瓷的生產緣由、作品定年與分期，討論造成這些變遷的原因；嘗試從若干器型舉隅嘗試理解青白瓷某些特殊使用的目的，對青白瓷的使用給予一個陶瓷文化史上的解釋，是本文希望達成的目標，也冀望藉由本文從陶瓷史角度的切入，同時能給中外交通史、文化史的研究者帶來若干啟發，為文明史研究發展注入活力。

關鍵詞：宋代陶瓷、青白瓷、影青、景德鎮、湖田窯、窯系Abstract

This study is to clarify several aspects of the Qing Bai ware of Hu Tien kiln in the Song Dynasty kilns. Song Dynasty’s Porcelain history is of the development of a prosperous period, the kilns are across the country. At this time there have been six well-known in the history of civil kilns (Ming Yao) department of the six kilns. Six kiln systems are designated to the Departments of kiln (Yao Si), the Department of Cichou Yao, Yaochou Department, the Department of Chun Ware, Longquan Kiln Department, the Department Jing De Zhen kiln, and Yue kiln production lines. Hu Tien kiln of Jing De Zhen in Jiang-si province is the main kiln producing “Qing Bai Ware” which is unlike green or white glazed porcelain, also known as “Y'ing Qing.” The apt term “Qing-bai ware” for a thin, clear glaze, generally of very fain bluish tone is also called “Southern Ding” for its similar designs, mold impressed and incised, carved decoration, glaze and firing technology of Ding ware in He-bei province. Jiang-si province is the major source of the Qing Bai ware, and it’s probable that kilns in the vicinity of Jing-de-zhen are responsible for the greatest volume and the best quality. The kiln sites producing Qing Bai ware are all over southern China in Song Dynasty and many relics are discovered in tombs and hoards. However there are many unresolved problems, such as their characteristics of the origins, dates of evolutional style, shapes of developing series and connections with other art crafts such as glass and metal are still remain in mysteries for this thesis to explore and search after. It would appear that the Qing-bai family of porcelains was quite long-lived; its manufacture began around the early eleventh century and continued uninterruptedly to at least the middle of fourteenth century.

Keywords: Song Dynasty Kilns, Jing De Zhen, Hu Tien Yao (Kiln), Qing Bai Ware, Y'ing Qing, Kiln System