緬甸政治發展與人權之探討(1962-2012)

Abstract

世界人權宣言闡明，權利不是政府賦予，而是所有的人與生俱來 的。無論我們生活在哪個國家，無論我們的領導人是誰，也無論我們 的種族，膚色或國籍都無關緊要。因為我們是人，因此我們享有權利， 因為我們享有權利，政府就必須保護我們的權利。 但在封閉的緬甸 國家裡，人權對人民來說是何等的遙不可及。

緬甸從1962 年，尼溫接掌政權開始，人民漸漸失去該擁有的權 利，緬甸人民處處遭受迫害，尤以翁山蘇姬以及所屬的全國民主聯盟 黨員和少數民族、婦女及童兵招募問題層出不窮，直至登盛政府上台， 政治犯的釋放、少數民族武裝衝突的停火協議和政府釋放翁山蘇姬等 等於人權上的改變，國際社會也感受到緬甸政府從封閉走向開放政策 的努力。

本研究是以尼溫政府至登盛政府，在這60 年的時間裡，緬甸於 人權與政治上所做的政策改變，皆是本文探討之要點。According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights”. Besides, “Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration,without distinction of any kind. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory”.

However in the closed country Burma, human rights are far out of reach.

Ne Win took over the regime of Myanmar from 1962 to 1988. During this period of time, people were gradually losing their rights. Persecution happened everywhere in Myanmar, especially in the case of Aung San Suu Kyi, the National League for Democracy (NLD) party members, ethnic minorities, women and child soldiers. After the Thein Sein government took over, the situation began to change, political prisoners were released, the government signed cease-fire agreements with the ethnic minorities to reduce armed conflicts, and even Aung San Suu Kyi was released. The international community also felt the efforts of the Myanmar government going on reform, opening up the whole country.

This study focuses on the changes of politics and human rights in Myanmar. During the 60 years, ranging from the Ne Win government to Thein Sein government.