卑南語的外來借字:優選理論分析

Abstract

本研究探討南王卑南語日語借字的改適(adaptation)。透過對外來借字的研究，我們可以更加認識卑南語的音韻系統。本文的分析方法採用優選理論(Optimality Theory) (Prince and Smolensky [1993, 2004], McCarthy and Prince 1993)及其衍伸而出的評價排序模組(Rank-Ordering Model of EVAL (ROE) (Coetzee 2006))及聯合制約(Local Conjunction (Smolensky 1993, 1995, 1997))。 在借字音韻學(loanword phonology)的研究裡，當外來字被借入時，不符合借入語音韻系統的外來音段及音節結構會被改適，改適後方能符合借入語的音韻系統。而在卑南語外來借字的音段研究裡，我們可以發現三種現象:當卑南語及日語間有相同的音段時，該音段會被如實地借入，不須改適。而當日語的語音在卑南語裡找不到相同的音段時，該音段會被改變成相似的卑南語語音亦或是保持不變。為了要理解哪些語音特徵(phonetic feature)在改適時須被保存或改變，日語及卑南語的語音矩陣(feature matrix)在本文裡皆有提供。另外，在輸出值(output)的選擇中，標記制約(markedness constraint)亦佔有重要的一席之地。 而在音節結構的改適裡，日語裡複雜的音節頭(onset)結構(CjV)在卑南語的音韻系統裡是不被允許的。為了要改適，三種方法可能被採用:一為元音插入(vowel insertion)；一為滑音刪除(glide deletion)；最後一個方法為滑音轉變(glide transformation)。在檢核語料後，我們發現卑南語較偏向採取元音插入的方法來改適日語借字裡複雜的音節頭結構。之後，相關的制約排序亦被提出以解釋此現象。

This research studies the adaptations of Nanwang Puyuma loanwords borrowed from Japanese. By studying the loanwords in Puyuma, we can know more about the phonological system of Puyuma. Within this research, the data are analyzed by means of Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky [1993, 2004], McCarthy and Prince 1993); the extending theories of classical OT are also used, that is, Rank-Ordering Model of EVAL (ROE) (Coetzee 2006) and Local Conjunction (Smolensky 1993, 1995, 1997). In loanword phonology, when foreign words are borrowed, the illicit segments and syllable structures are adapted so as to fit into the phonological system of the borrowing language. Concerning the adaptations of segments, we can observe that if the sounds in Japanese can find identical correspondents in Puyuma’s phonemic inventory, they will be faithfully borrowed. However, if the sounds cannot find the same sounds, they will be either adapted into similar sounds in Puyuma or be faithfully borrowed. In order to explain the alternation, the feature matrices are given so that we can identify which feature needs to be respected in Puyuma. Moreover, the markedness constraints also play important roles in selecting the attested candidate. As for the adaptation of syllable, the complex CjV structure in Japanese is not allowed in Puyuma. In order to fit into the phonological system of Puyuma, three possible solutions might be taken, that is, vowel insertion (/CjV/ -> [CV.jV]), glide deletion (/CjV/ -> [CV]) and glide transformation (/CjV/ -> [CiG./Ci.V]). As can be seen in the data, we can find that vowel insertion is more preferred in Puyuma. The relative constraint ranking for vowel insertion is thus proposed.