參與式環境治理的政治生態學分析－以台灣地質公園示範區為例

Abstract

隨著「環境主義」(environmentalism)與「永續發展」(sustainable development)的多元論述，以及近年台灣發生的環境治理爭議，例如：2004~2014年的台東美麗灣渡假村爭議、2007年的司馬庫斯櫸木事件、2015年卑南族的狩獵爭議…等等，凸顯出「國家－地方」對於環境認知與環境治理方式有著明顯落差。目前，關於環境治理的議題有越來越多的論述指出民眾參與、在地化、尊重傳統地方知識，以及強調共同管理的重要性與符合實際社會狀態。 2002年起，農委會所推動的「台灣地質公園」計畫，作為回應國際地景保育與環境治理的最新潮流，不但強調地景保育、環境教育、社區參與與環境旅遊等核心價值，亦著重在多尺度的網絡交流與學習。本文以「政治生態學」的觀點透過焦點人物的深度訪談以及參與式的田野調查，來探究社區對於新環境治理模式的回應，其中包含社區參與的動機、考量因子以及社區如何進行公眾決策的行為；本文並以「類型學」的方式將社區治理的行為模式予以劃分，作為往後其他社區參與環境治理的參考。The diversified discourses of “environmentalism” and “sustainable development,” as well as the environmental governance controversies have occurred in Taiwan in recent years. Cases like, Miramar Resort Taitung Controversy in 2004~2014, Smangus Beech Event in 2007, and hunting controversy of Puyuma Tribe in 2015, have highlighted significant gaps in environmental awareness and governance methods between “the state” and “the local.” More and more discourses on issues of environmental governance have pointed out the importance of public participation, localization, respect for traditional local knowledge, and joint governance. Starting in 2002, The Council of Agriculture has promoted “Goepark” with projects and plans responding to the latest trends of international landscape conservation and environmental governance. It does, not only emphasize the core values of landscape conservation, environmental education, community participation, and environmental tourism, but also focuses on multi-scale network exchanges and mutual learning. From political ecology perspective, this study conducted in-depth interviews with important local opinion leaders and engaged in participant field survey to investigate communities’ responses to new environmental governance, including motivation of community participation, factors taken into consideration, and how communities and their members engage in the public decision-making of local affairs related to geopark. Moreover, this study also tried to delineated “typology” of geopark community governance, which should become significant for future investigation and understanding of other communitiey environmental governance.