從優選理論觀點分析國語中英語及閩南語借字

Abstract

本論文探討國語中英語與閩南語借字的音韻調整(phonological adaptation)現象。透過借字語料庫的建立，本文為音韻分析提供客觀的數據基礎，有助於釐清眾多借字形式背後的音韻調整傾向。而影響說話者調整策略的感知(perception)及操作(production)因素，皆投射到優選理論(Optimality Theory)的架構之中，形成不同排序間的制約互動(constraint interaction)關係。在英語借字部分，統計顯示，源字中輔音韻尾的保留或刪除，取決於兩項因素，其一為源字的音節數，其二為該韻尾的輔音種類。當源字為單音節時，為符合國語的雙音節韻律傾向，輔音韻尾多以元音添加(vowel epenthesis)的方式保留於國語的借字形式中，形成第二音節；當源字為雙音節時，韻尾的輔音種類則決定去留：塞音可保留，亦可刪除；擦音、塞擦音及鼻音傾向保留；而捲舌音則傾向刪除。無論保留或刪除，皆反映出借入語言的音節完好性制約(syllable well-formedness constraints)高於輸入值與輸出值間的信實性制約(faithfulness constraints)。在閩南語借字部分，本文觀察到閩南語詞彙進入國語時，由於特殊的方言關係，會依循多元化的四條借字途徑來調整語音形式，其中存在著詞素、詞彙與音韻因素。而根據英語借字所建立的國語借字音韻，也可成功詮釋透過音韻途徑所形成的閩南語借字。

This thesis investigates the phonological adaptations of English and Southern Min loanwords in Mandarin. A sizable loanword corpus is built to provide an objective numerical basis for the phonological analyses, which is beneficial to clear up the seemingly complex adaptation phenomena. The factors related to perception and production that critically affect the speaker’s repair strategy are projected to constraint interactions within the framework of Optimality Theory. In English loanwords, the statistics show that the preservation or deletion of coda consonants depend on two factors, namely the syllable number of the source word and the category of the coda consonant. When the source word is monosyllabic, the coda consonant is mostly preserved in the Mandarin form by vowel epenthesis to observe the disyllabic preference of Mandarin lexicon. When the source word is disyllabic, the adaptation strategy depends largely on the category of the coda consonant: stops preserves or deletes; fricative, affricates, and nasals tend to preserve; retroflexes tend to delete. Both preservation and deletion reflects the dominance of syllable well-formedness constraints of the target language over faithfulness constraints between input and output. In Southern Min loanwords, we explore four adaptation paths through which Southern Min loanwords enter Mandarin. Morphological and phonological factors are both involved in the four paths, due to the dialectal relationship between the source language and the target language. The same constraint ranking established in English loanwords is also applicable to the Southern Min loanwords that are formed through phonological paths.