立法院預算審議之研究:2001-2008
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2009
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預算是為了達成國家政策目標,將財政資源與人類行為所做的一項聯結。政府預算週期(budget cycle),包括編製(preparation)、審議(approval)、執行(execution)到決算(audit)四個階段。政府預算不僅是技術管理的文件,同時也具有政治性。預算是政府每年最重要且是最優先的文件,它牽涉到政治資源的分配過程,因此也最具有衝突性。這些預算衝突,來自於總統、行政部門、總統與國會、國會議員、朝野政黨、或各個利益團體之間。在國會預算審議階段,是控制與監督行政部門最有力的一項武器。主要功能在於避免政府濫用財政權,並防止國家預算的膨脹與氾濫,也是衡量民主政治的重要指標之ㄧ。
本研究採制度研究途徑,以文獻分析法及個案分析法,以美國為例,說明分權體制下國會預算審議程序,及美國國會與總統間,在預算審議過程所發生的衝突及其解決預算衝突的機制,做為本研究的基礎。以Irene S. Rubin的預算結果決定論模型,採靜態分析(static analysis),探討我國分立政府時期,立法院在九十至九十七(2001-2008)年度中央政府總預算案審查結果,所發生的行政與立法衝突,分析立法院的預算審議權的功能,並以動態分析(dynamic analysis),藉核四預算案與軍事採購預算案的衝突為案例,探討我國憲法規範對行政與立法間預算衝突的解決機制。
本研究發現,在現行憲法規範,無法解決行政院與立法院之間的預算衝突。因此,本文主張恢復原憲法覆議「三分之二」門檻,將被動解散立法院修訂為主動解散立法院,廢除總統院際爭執調解的規範,以及增訂總統參與預算決策的制度化設計。在健全立法院預算審議制度方面,本文主張,總統的國情報告,應修訂為「每年向立法院提出預算咨文」。且應將審計權回歸立法院,使預算審議能夠更確實。延長預算審議時間,建立委員會資深制,檢討全院各委員會聯席會議的功能;立法院應重視追加預算案與特別預算案審查。建立慣例,將立法院每年單會期定位為施政總質詢,雙數會期定位為預算總質詢,有助於改善預算審查時間過短的問題。立法院應將每年總預算案列入院會議程的第一案,以彰顯立法院對總預算案的重視。對於行政院提出之總預算案,立法院不宜不排入議程阻擋總預算案審查。將預算中心擴編為預算局,並聘用具有財經、預算、會計等專業領域之人才。
The budget becomes a link between financial resources and human behavior. Every year, the government budget cycle consists of four phases: preparation, approval, execution, and audit. The budgets are not merely technical managerial documents; they are also intrinsically and irreducibly political. The budget is the number one political document and the chief priorities document, it involves the distributions of political resources. The government budget is not a process, but rather a tale of conflict and struggle. The conflicts and struggles come from between the President and Congress, between the executive agents, between the political parties, between the Congressmen, between the agencies and interest groups, and between the interest groups. It is the most powerful and strengthening implementation that controls executive branches in the budgetary process of the Congress. From American experiences of budgetary process, budget conflicts between the President and the Congress, and the models of settling budget conflict, this research focused on the budget conflict between the Legislative Yuan and the Executive Yuan on the budgetary process, and on the budget outcomes from 2001 to 2008, it also was a divided government in Taiwan. Finally, this research had some suggestions about the constitution and the budget approval system in the Legislative Yuan of Taiwan.
The budget becomes a link between financial resources and human behavior. Every year, the government budget cycle consists of four phases: preparation, approval, execution, and audit. The budgets are not merely technical managerial documents; they are also intrinsically and irreducibly political. The budget is the number one political document and the chief priorities document, it involves the distributions of political resources. The government budget is not a process, but rather a tale of conflict and struggle. The conflicts and struggles come from between the President and Congress, between the executive agents, between the political parties, between the Congressmen, between the agencies and interest groups, and between the interest groups. It is the most powerful and strengthening implementation that controls executive branches in the budgetary process of the Congress. From American experiences of budgetary process, budget conflicts between the President and the Congress, and the models of settling budget conflict, this research focused on the budget conflict between the Legislative Yuan and the Executive Yuan on the budgetary process, and on the budget outcomes from 2001 to 2008, it also was a divided government in Taiwan. Finally, this research had some suggestions about the constitution and the budget approval system in the Legislative Yuan of Taiwan.
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Keywords
分立政府, 預算審議, 預算衝突, divided government, budgetary process, budget conflict