哈金作品中的裸命：以《南京安魂曲》和《戰廢品》為例

Abstract

本論文研究華裔美國作家哈金的兩本戰爭小說《南京安魂曲》和《戰廢品》裡的難民和戰俘，從戰爭受害者的角度，檢視對歷史事件的另類敘述。透過生命政治的觀點，探討人權和轉型正義，期待跳脫國家、民族和法律的框架，對於他者有更加積極的關懷。 本文分為三章，第一章介紹在戰爭中所建立的戰俘營和難民營等場景如何成為阿岡本生命政治理論中的「例外狀態」，以及身處其中的中國戰俘和平民如何成為「裸命」。從受害者的角度來分析，讓他們成了裸命狀態的國家主權不只是美國和日本軍隊，國共兩黨的主權力量影響更加深遠。本章分析哈金如何藉由中國角色的裸命狀態來反思國家和人民間的忠誠關係。第二章將這些裸命人物與無國籍的難民相比，從中探討其人權危機，以及進行人道協助的外籍人士如何面臨在戰場上保持中立和拯救生命的兩難抉擇。本章嘗試延伸阿岡本所論的「潛力」，以翻轉無國籍的概念，形成「來臨共同體」的政治想像。第三章探討裸命角色在戰後所面臨的轉型正義問題。由司法審判所追求的轉型正義往往因為政治因素的影響，而淪為另一形式的法律暴力。因此本章會從法律之外，以見證歷史的觀點出發，探討生還者以證言為受害者發聲的倫理議題。論文最後指出哈金如何因「作家的責任」，讓文學在批判社會問題、保存歷史記憶和推動轉型正義上成為一種對他者倫理的實踐。This thesis centers on the POWs and refugees in a Ha Jin’s Nanjing Requiem and War Trash. Narrated by war victims, the two novels provide alternative perspectives on historic wars. With the viewpoints of biopolitics, this thesis aims to expound the issue of human rights and transitional justice and expects to deliver a more active concern to the Other beyond the framework of nations, ethics and laws. This thesis consists of three chapters. Chapter One analyzes how the POW camps and the refugee camp are turned into “the state of exception” in Agamben’s biopolitical term, and how the characters within are in the existence of “bare life.” From the perspectives of war victims, the sovereign powers which cause the state of exception and bare life are not only the Japanese and American troops but the Nationalist and the Communist which bring about more profound and influential impacts. Ha Jin uses the Chinese characters of bare life to satirize the blind patriotism and contemplate on loyalty between nations and their citizens. Chapter Two regards these characters of bare life as the stateless refugees, investigating their human rights crisis during the war, and the non-Chinese characters’ dilemma of humanitarian aids between remaining neutrality in the battlefield and rescuing the lives in immediate threats. This chapter extends to the renewal of the traditional idea of the stateless through Agamben’s “potentionalty” into a new political vision: “the coming community.” Chapter Three elucidates the post-war transitional justice for war victims. War tribunals to convict war criminals are easily influenced by political causes and turn into another form of legal violence. Therefore, beyond the framework of legal systems, the thesis investigates the ethical issue of the survivors who voice for the victims through testimony, providing the witness of history. Eventually, Ha Jin promotes his “responsibility of the author,” which proposes that literature is a practice of the ethics of the Other in criticizing social injustice, preserving history and memory and promoting transitional justice.