現代旅遊者眼中的君士坦丁堡：該城市於二十世紀初歐洲旅遊指南之意象

Abstract

不管是在早期希臘或羅馬時期，位於歐亞交界的君士坦丁堡(現今伊斯坦堡)就已是個對於來自東西方兩側的外來者來說，一個相當具有吸引力的地方。在被鄂圖曼土耳其人征服後，此城市因受土耳其人的佔領，本來作為東西方之間交流通道的君士坦丁堡進而遭到關閉。因此，對歐洲人來說，此座城市不但變得相對更難以接近，也讓其增添了更多神話般的色彩。這樣的神秘色彩持續地在後來歐洲外交人員、商人及旅行者的旅遊紀錄中流傳著。透過越來越多西方對於君士坦丁堡的記敘，可以了解到歐洲人對於「東方」有越來越詳細的觀點。此外，這些對於東方城市的記述更也激起了更多歐洲人對於東方想像的狂熱。隨著歐洲人在壯遊時期的後期越往東方發展以及歐洲旅行模式的變化，最終導致了大眾旅遊的興起，新的交通方式和伴隨新媒體（現代旅遊指南）的出現，從而使歐洲人前往東方的旅行變得更加容易。透過旅遊指南的使用，旅行者能夠提前或於東方旅行的過程中獲得更多「客觀」的有效信息。然而，在實用信息的背後，這些指南也對不同時代和領域提出特定觀點和意識形態立場。此篇論文即致力詳細探索歐洲人於十九世紀下半葉和二十世紀初至君士坦丁堡遊歷時，如何透過旅遊媒介來建構出自身眼中對此城市的動態圖像。更具體地說，透過分析和比較多個歐洲出版商在土耳其歷經歷史變動時期（鄂圖曼帝國的晚期衰敗和土耳其共和國的建立）所發行的幾本精選指南，本研究概述了歐洲現代遊客是如何被指南引導去感知和解讀君士坦丁堡與其之土耳其文化的各種元素。藉由對研究對象的仔細閱讀並進行文本分析，本研究也將梳理出歐洲遊客的旅遊體驗是如何在旅遊指南這般特定的中介下，塑造出西方自我以及相對應的東方他者。Even in the old days of Greece and Rome, Constantinople, as today's Istanbul used to be called, was a significant point of fascination for outsiders on both sides of the crossing point between East and West where it was located. After its conquest by the Ottomans, its relative inaccessibility (and the closing of the old pathways of communication between East and West) further strengthened this fascination, making the city but increase its quasi-mythical dimension. Later accounts from Western diplomats, merchants and occasional travelers preserved the mystiquewhile offering increasingly detailed views on countless"Oriental" aspects, tantalizing feverish European minds. With the Grand Tour venturing further and further East in later centuries and gradual changes in European traveling ultimately leading to mass tourism, new forms of transportation and the accompanying new media (the modern guidebooks) also appeared, thereby making traveling to the Orient much more accessible. By using guidebooks, travelers were able to acquire more "objective" information beforehand or during their much-anticipated tripsto the eastern lands. Behind practical information, such guidebooks also feature, of course, constantly evolving epoch- and area-specific perspectives and ideological positions. My thesis focuses on a detailed exploration of these dynamics as they developed during the second half of the nineteenth century and theearly twentieth century within the specific context of the Constantinople European voyage.More specifically, by analyzing and comparing several selected guidebooks put together by various European publishers over a time of much historical change (the late decay and fall of the Ottoman Empire and the establishment of the Republic), this work offers an overview of how European modern tourists were guided to perceive and interpret Constantinople and various elements of Turkish culture. Through sustained close reading and textual analysis, this thesis also examines how this mediation of the European touristic experience contributed to shaping various dimensions in articulating the Western Self (and corresponding Eastern Others) against this specific context.