當代魯賓遜文類中的生態轉向：豪斯霍弗爾、圖尼埃、巴拉德、馬泰爾

Abstract

笛福（Daniel Defoe）的《魯賓遜漂流記》（Robinson Crusoe）常被視為是第一部英國小說，在出版將近三百年的期間被許多作家所改寫。誕生許多關於魯賓遜故事的改編作品、甚而產生次文類，稱之為魯賓遜文類。在魯賓遜的改編故事中，背景常是在無人的荒島上，基本情節包括船難、冒險與不幸、船難者與生還者，也包含描述人和自然的衝突、或是個人與社會之間的對立。如批評家指出，魯賓遜是一個殖民者，他掌控島嶼視之為他的王國，並且以自我為世界的中心。在此研究中，我以人類掌控自然的這個議題為轉折點，點出《魯賓遜漂流記》文本中自我與他者的問題。而進一步思考，魯賓遜改編故事如何提供我們其他觀看世界的角度，並探究生物與環境間超越自我／他者二元而產生新關係的可能性為何。此研究將進行四部小說的文本分析，包括豪斯霍弗爾（Marlen Haushofer）的《牆》（The Wall）、圖尼埃（Michel Tournier）的《星期五》（Friday）、巴拉德（J. G. Ballard）的《水泥島》（Concrete Island）與馬泰爾（Yann Martel）的《少年Pi的奇幻漂流》（Life of Pi）。我主張這些作品揭示了當代魯賓遜文類中的生態轉向。有許多改編作品鮮少注意到笛福小說裡的生態議題，但是這四部小說以不同的方式挑戰魯賓遜敘述中人類凌駕於自然與動物之上的觀點，並企圖重新塑造人與自然的關係。從生態的觀點來閱讀這些文本，我認為當代魯賓遜的改編文本，不僅只囿於探究在殖民與後殖民下自我—他者二元分野的情境，而更是對於自我的重新定位，與再次探索我們時代中關於倫理、本體、與性別的議題。在此研究裡，因受到涅斯（Arne Naess）生態哲學T（Ecosophy T）的啟發，我鑄造「生態哲學M」（Ecosophy M）一詞，此詞探究六個生態相關的概念：環境（Milieu）、網絡（Mesh）、相互性（Mutuality）、母性（Maternity）、少數（Minorities）和情態（Mood）。其他啟發生態思想的主要思想家亦包括德希達（Jacques Derrida）、德勒茲（Gilles Deleuze）、瓜達里（Félix Guattari）和莫頓（Timothy Morton）。

Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe, commonly considered the first English novel, has been rewritten by many writers over the course of nearly three hundred years. A myriad of reworkings revolving around the Crusoe story have been produced, generating a subgenre often termed “Robinsonade.” Robinsonades are basically stories, usually set on an uninhabited island, involving plots of shipwrecks, adventures and misadventures, castaways and survivors, as well as the conflict between man and nature or between individuals and society. As critics point out, Crusoe is a colonialist governing the island as his own kingdom and placing himself at the center of the world. In this study, I problematize the self-other discourse in the original text by taking the question of the human dominion over nature as a point of departure. I further consider how the rewritings of Robinson Crusoe provide us with alternative views of the world, and examine what new relationships are possible between living beings and their environment beyond the self-other dualism. This study offers close readings of four novels, including Marlen Haushofer’s The Wall, Michel Tournier’s Friday, J. G. Ballard’s Concrete Island, and Yann Martel’s Life of Pi. These works, I claim, suggest an ecological turn in the contemporary Robinsonade. While numerous adaptations have given scant attention to environmental issues in Defoe’s version, these four Robinsonades challenge the Crusoe narrative of human primacy over nature and animals in varied ways and attempt to reshape the relationship between man and nature. By reading the texts in light of ecological perspectives, I propose that the contemporary Robinson Crusoe revisions are more than stories that indicate a self-other demarcation set in colonial or postcolonial contexts; they reorient the self and reexplore the ethical, ontological, and gender issues of our time. In this study, inspired by Arne Naess’s concept of Ecosophy T, I coin the term “Ecosophy M” that explores six ecology-related modes: Milieu, Mesh, Mutuality, Maternity, Minorities, and Mood. Other major thinkers that illuminate ecological thoughts include Jacques Derrida, Gilles Deleuze, Félix Guattari, and Timothy Morton.