華語及粵語攝取類動詞之比較研究—以「吃」/「食」及「喝」/「飲」為例

Abstract

本研究針對華語及粵語中的攝取類動詞「吃」、「喝」及「食」、「飲」的多義性及義項進行比較分析。研究旨在揭示兩種語言在這些常用動詞上的義項差異及相似性，從而填補現有研究中對粵語動詞多義性分析的空白。本研究利用「中文詞彙網路2.0版」及「華語文COCT口語語料庫2021版」分別作為華語的詞義及語料來源，而粵語部分則分別參考了《粵典》（words.hk）及「漢語共時語料庫」。在理論基礎方面，本研究採用了歐德芬（2013）的多義詞義項區別性理論作義項之區分，再輔以MARVS (Module Attribute Representation of Verbal Semantics) 探討不同義項的事件結構。研究分析顯示，華語「吃」和粵語「食」均具有18個義項，兩者在原始義項上相同，均為「進食義」。根據語料庫在各義項的比例，在兩種語言的日常語言環境中，同樣的義項在大部分的情況下可以作直接替換，但部分相同的義項在使用上存在差異而導致不能直接替換，甚至其中一種語言沒有能對應義項的情況。華語「喝」及粵語「飲」則分別帶有7個及10個義項，其原型義項均為「飲用義」，兩者義項間的關係與上述一樣，雖然大部分的情況下可作直接替換，但仍然存在一定的差異。儘管華語和粵語在某些義項上保持一致，但由於文化背景和隱喻機制的差異，導致了義項發展和使用上的變化。例如，粵語「食」可以表示「袖手旁觀」的概念，其源自於一則花生牌子的廣告口號；而華語「喝」則延伸出了「喝西北風」的用法，但在粵語則是以帶有「吸入義」的「食」作表達。研究最後以語料庫中的語料分佈為根據，提出雖然上述詞彙帶有不少義項，但在日常情況下，「吃」、「食」或「喝」、「飲」之間的可替換性概率非常高。This study conducts a comparative analysis of the polysemy and meanings of the ingestion verbs"chī" and "hē" in Mandarin Chinese, and "sik6" and "jam2" in Cantonese. The aim is to uncover the differences and similarities in the meanings of these common verbs in both languages, thus filling a gap in existing research on the polysemy of Cantonese verbs. This study utilizes "Chinese Wordnet 2.0" and the "Chinese COCT Corpus 2021" as the lexical meaning and corpus sources for Mandarin, while for Cantonese, the references are the "words.hk" and "Linguistic Variation in Chinese Speech Communities" corpus. The theoretical foundation of this study adopts the polysemy distinction theoretical framework by Ou (2013) for the differentiation of senses, supplemented by the MARVS (Module Attribute Representation of Verbal Semantics) theory to explore the event structures of different senses. The analysis shows that both Mandarin "chī" and Cantonese "sik6" have 18 meanings, with the primary meaning being "to eat." According to the proportions of each sense in the corpora, direct substitutionunder the same senses is possible in most cases. However, due to the differences in the usages of certain senses, direct substitution is impossible, and in some instances, one language may lack an equivalent sense found in the other. Mandarin"hē" and Cantonese "jam2" have 7 and 10 meanings respectively, both with the primary meaning of "to drink." The relationship between the meanings follows the same situation as above. Despite the consistency in basic meanings of certain verbs in Mandarin and Cantonese, differences in cultural background and metaphorical mechanisms lead to variations in the development and usage of meanings. For instance, Cantonese "shí" can denote the concept of "standing by," derived from a slogan of a peanut brand's advertisement, whereas Mandarin "hē" has evolved to include the expression "hē xī běi fēng," a usage not found in Cantonese "yǐn", which instead uses "shí" with an "inhaling" meaning. Finally, based on the distribution of data in the corpora, the study suggests that although these verbs have numerous meanings, the probability of interchangeability between "chī" and "shí" or "hē" and "yǐn" in daily situations is very high.